Gamma-Ray Burst Jets in Circumstellar Material: Dynamics, Breakout, and Diversity of Transients
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866908379854667776 |
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| author | Hamidani, Hamid Ioka, Kunihito Kashiyama, Kazumi Tanaka, Masaomi |
| author_facet | Hamidani, Hamid Ioka, Kunihito Kashiyama, Kazumi Tanaka, Masaomi |
| contents | Recent observations indicate that stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae are often surrounded by dense circumstellar material (CSM). Motivated by this, we develop an analytic model to systematically study the dynamics of long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) jet propagation in various CSM environments. We derive a general expression for the jet head velocity ($β_{\rm h}$) and breakout time ($t_{\rm b}$) valid across Newtonian, relativistic, and intermediate regimes, accounting for a previously unrecognized dependence on $1 - β_{\rm h}$. Our results highlight a fundamental distinction between jet propagation in massive stars, where $β_{\rm h}\ll 1$, and in extended CSM, where $1-β_{\rm h}\ll 1$. We establish an analytic success/failure criterion for jets and express it in terms of jet and CSM parameters, revealing a strong dependence on CSM radius. To quantify the relativistic nature of the jet-cocoon system, we introduce the energy-weighted proper velocity $\overline{Γβ}$. We identify three possible jet outcomes-(a) successful jets ($\overline{Γβ} \sim 10-100$), (b) barely failed jets ($\overline{Γβ} \sim 1$), and (c) completely failed jets ($\overline{Γβ} \sim 0.1$)-and constrain their respective jet/CSM parameter spaces. We show that in (b) and (c), large CSM radii can result in luminous fast blue optical transients via cocoon cooling emission. This theoretical framework provides a basis for future observational and theoretical studies to understand the link between LGRBs, intermediate GRBs, low-luminosity LGRBs, and their environments. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_16242 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Gamma-Ray Burst Jets in Circumstellar Material: Dynamics, Breakout, and Diversity of Transients Hamidani, Hamid Ioka, Kunihito Kashiyama, Kazumi Tanaka, Masaomi High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Recent observations indicate that stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae are often surrounded by dense circumstellar material (CSM). Motivated by this, we develop an analytic model to systematically study the dynamics of long gamma-ray burst (LGRB) jet propagation in various CSM environments. We derive a general expression for the jet head velocity ($β_{\rm h}$) and breakout time ($t_{\rm b}$) valid across Newtonian, relativistic, and intermediate regimes, accounting for a previously unrecognized dependence on $1 - β_{\rm h}$. Our results highlight a fundamental distinction between jet propagation in massive stars, where $β_{\rm h}\ll 1$, and in extended CSM, where $1-β_{\rm h}\ll 1$. We establish an analytic success/failure criterion for jets and express it in terms of jet and CSM parameters, revealing a strong dependence on CSM radius. To quantify the relativistic nature of the jet-cocoon system, we introduce the energy-weighted proper velocity $\overline{Γβ}$. We identify three possible jet outcomes-(a) successful jets ($\overline{Γβ} \sim 10-100$), (b) barely failed jets ($\overline{Γβ} \sim 1$), and (c) completely failed jets ($\overline{Γβ} \sim 0.1$)-and constrain their respective jet/CSM parameter spaces. We show that in (b) and (c), large CSM radii can result in luminous fast blue optical transients via cocoon cooling emission. This theoretical framework provides a basis for future observational and theoretical studies to understand the link between LGRBs, intermediate GRBs, low-luminosity LGRBs, and their environments. |
| title | Gamma-Ray Burst Jets in Circumstellar Material: Dynamics, Breakout, and Diversity of Transients |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.16242 |