On the Origins of Sampling Bias: Implications on Fairness Measurement and Mitigation

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Zhioua, Sami, Binkyte, Ruta, Ouni, Ayoub, Ktata, Farah Barika
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2025
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author Zhioua, Sami
Binkyte, Ruta
Ouni, Ayoub
Ktata, Farah Barika
author_facet Zhioua, Sami
Binkyte, Ruta
Ouni, Ayoub
Ktata, Farah Barika
contents Accurately measuring discrimination is crucial to faithfully assessing fairness of trained machine learning (ML) models. Any bias in measuring discrimination leads to either amplification or underestimation of the existing disparity. Several sources of bias exist and it is assumed that bias resulting from machine learning is born equally by different groups (e.g. females vs males, whites vs blacks, etc.). If, however, bias is born differently by different groups, it may exacerbate discrimination against specific sub-populations. Sampling bias, in particular, is inconsistently used in the literature to describe bias due to the sampling procedure. In this paper, we attempt to disambiguate this term by introducing clearly defined variants of sampling bias, namely, sample size bias (SSB) and underrepresentation bias (URB). Through an extensive set of experiments on benchmark datasets and using mainstream learning algorithms, we expose relevant observations in several model training scenarios. The observations are finally framed as actionable recommendations for practitioners.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_17956
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle On the Origins of Sampling Bias: Implications on Fairness Measurement and Mitigation
Zhioua, Sami
Binkyte, Ruta
Ouni, Ayoub
Ktata, Farah Barika
Machine Learning
Accurately measuring discrimination is crucial to faithfully assessing fairness of trained machine learning (ML) models. Any bias in measuring discrimination leads to either amplification or underestimation of the existing disparity. Several sources of bias exist and it is assumed that bias resulting from machine learning is born equally by different groups (e.g. females vs males, whites vs blacks, etc.). If, however, bias is born differently by different groups, it may exacerbate discrimination against specific sub-populations. Sampling bias, in particular, is inconsistently used in the literature to describe bias due to the sampling procedure. In this paper, we attempt to disambiguate this term by introducing clearly defined variants of sampling bias, namely, sample size bias (SSB) and underrepresentation bias (URB). Through an extensive set of experiments on benchmark datasets and using mainstream learning algorithms, we expose relevant observations in several model training scenarios. The observations are finally framed as actionable recommendations for practitioners.
title On the Origins of Sampling Bias: Implications on Fairness Measurement and Mitigation
topic Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.17956