Inferring CSM Properties of Type II SNe Using a Magnitude-Limited ZTF Sample
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Hinds, K-Ryan Perley, Daniel Sollerman, Jesper Miller, Adam Fremling, Christoffer Moriya, Takashi Das, Kaustav Qin, Yu-Jing Bellm, Eric Chen, Xi Tracy Coughlin, Michael Jacobson-Galán, Wynn Kasliwal, Mansi Kulkarni, Shrinivas Mahabal, Ashish Masci, F. Priscila Pessi, J. Purdum, J. N. Riddle, Reed Singh, Avinash Smith, Roger Sravan, Niharika |
| author_facet | Hinds, K-Ryan Perley, Daniel Sollerman, Jesper Miller, Adam Fremling, Christoffer Moriya, Takashi Das, Kaustav Qin, Yu-Jing Bellm, Eric Chen, Xi Tracy Coughlin, Michael Jacobson-Galán, Wynn Kasliwal, Mansi Kulkarni, Shrinivas Mahabal, Ashish Masci, F. Priscila Pessi, J. Purdum, J. N. Riddle, Reed Singh, Avinash Smith, Roger Sravan, Niharika |
| contents | Although all Type II supernovae (SNe) originate from massive stars possessing a hydrogen-rich envelope, their light curve morphology is diverse, reflecting poorly characterised heterogeneity in the physical properties of their progenitor systems. Here, we present a detailed light curve analysis of a magnitude-limited sample of 639 Type II SNe from the Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey. Using Gaussian processes, we systematically measure empirical light curve features (e.g. rise times, peak colours and luminosities) in a robust sampling-independent manner. We focus on rise times as they are highly sensitive to pre-explosion progenitor properties, especially the presence of a dense circumstellar medium (CSM) shed by the progenitor in the years immediately pre-explosion. By correlating our feature measurements with physical parameters from an extensive grid of STELLA hydrodynamical models with varying progenitor properties (CSM structure, $\dot M$, $R_{CSM}$ and $M_{ZAMS}$), we quantify the proportion of events with sufficient pre-explosion mass-loss to significantly alter the initial light curve (roughly $M_{CSM} \geq 10^{-2.5} M_{\odot}$) in a highly complete sample of 377 spectroscopically classified Type II SNe. We find that 67 $\pm$ 6\% of observed SNe in our magnitude-limited sample show evidence for substantial CSM ($M_{CSM} \geq 10^{-2.5} M_{\odot}$) close to the progenitor ($R_{CSM} <10^{15}$ cm) at the time of explosion. After applying a volumetric-correction, we find 36$^{+5}_{-7}$\% of all Type II SN progenitors possess substantial CSM within $10^{15}$ cm at the time of explosion. This high fraction of progenitors with dense CSM, supported by photometric and spectroscopic evidence of previous SNe, reveals mass-loss rates significantly exceeding those measured in local group red supergiants or predicted by current theoretical models. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_19969 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Inferring CSM Properties of Type II SNe Using a Magnitude-Limited ZTF Sample Hinds, K-Ryan Perley, Daniel Sollerman, Jesper Miller, Adam Fremling, Christoffer Moriya, Takashi Das, Kaustav Qin, Yu-Jing Bellm, Eric Chen, Xi Tracy Coughlin, Michael Jacobson-Galán, Wynn Kasliwal, Mansi Kulkarni, Shrinivas Mahabal, Ashish Masci, F. Priscila Pessi, J. Purdum, J. N. Riddle, Reed Singh, Avinash Smith, Roger Sravan, Niharika High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Although all Type II supernovae (SNe) originate from massive stars possessing a hydrogen-rich envelope, their light curve morphology is diverse, reflecting poorly characterised heterogeneity in the physical properties of their progenitor systems. Here, we present a detailed light curve analysis of a magnitude-limited sample of 639 Type II SNe from the Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey. Using Gaussian processes, we systematically measure empirical light curve features (e.g. rise times, peak colours and luminosities) in a robust sampling-independent manner. We focus on rise times as they are highly sensitive to pre-explosion progenitor properties, especially the presence of a dense circumstellar medium (CSM) shed by the progenitor in the years immediately pre-explosion. By correlating our feature measurements with physical parameters from an extensive grid of STELLA hydrodynamical models with varying progenitor properties (CSM structure, $\dot M$, $R_{CSM}$ and $M_{ZAMS}$), we quantify the proportion of events with sufficient pre-explosion mass-loss to significantly alter the initial light curve (roughly $M_{CSM} \geq 10^{-2.5} M_{\odot}$) in a highly complete sample of 377 spectroscopically classified Type II SNe. We find that 67 $\pm$ 6\% of observed SNe in our magnitude-limited sample show evidence for substantial CSM ($M_{CSM} \geq 10^{-2.5} M_{\odot}$) close to the progenitor ($R_{CSM} <10^{15}$ cm) at the time of explosion. After applying a volumetric-correction, we find 36$^{+5}_{-7}$\% of all Type II SN progenitors possess substantial CSM within $10^{15}$ cm at the time of explosion. This high fraction of progenitors with dense CSM, supported by photometric and spectroscopic evidence of previous SNe, reveals mass-loss rates significantly exceeding those measured in local group red supergiants or predicted by current theoretical models. |
| title | Inferring CSM Properties of Type II SNe Using a Magnitude-Limited ZTF Sample |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.19969 |