Anthropomorphic tissue-mimicking phantoms for oximetry validation in multispectral optical imaging

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Main Authors: Dreher, Kris Kristoffer, Groehl, Janek, Grace, Friso, Ayala, Leonardo A., Nölke, Jan-Hinrich, Bender, Christoph J, Watt, Melissa J, White, Catherine-Louise, Tao, Ran, Johnen, Wibke, Tizabi, Minu Dietlinde, Seitel, Alexander, Maier-Hein, Lena, Bohndiek, Sarah Elizabeth
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Dreher, Kris Kristoffer
Groehl, Janek
Grace, Friso
Ayala, Leonardo A.
Nölke, Jan-Hinrich
Bender, Christoph J
Watt, Melissa J
White, Catherine-Louise
Tao, Ran
Johnen, Wibke
Tizabi, Minu Dietlinde
Seitel, Alexander
Maier-Hein, Lena
Bohndiek, Sarah Elizabeth
author_facet Dreher, Kris Kristoffer
Groehl, Janek
Grace, Friso
Ayala, Leonardo A.
Nölke, Jan-Hinrich
Bender, Christoph J
Watt, Melissa J
White, Catherine-Louise
Tao, Ran
Johnen, Wibke
Tizabi, Minu Dietlinde
Seitel, Alexander
Maier-Hein, Lena
Bohndiek, Sarah Elizabeth
contents Significance: Optical imaging of blood oxygenation (sO$_2$) can be achieved based on the differential absorption spectra of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin. A key challenge in realising clinical validation of the sO$_2$ biomarkers is the absence of reliable sO$_2$ reference standards, including test objects. Aim: To enable quantitative testing of multispectral imaging methods for assessment of sO$_2$ by introducing anthropomorphic phantoms with appropriate tissue-mimicking optical properties. Approach: We used the stable copolymer-in-oil base material to create physical anthropomorphic structures and optimised dyes to mimic the optical absorption of blood across a wide spectral range. Using 3D-printed phantom moulds generated from a magnetic resonance image of a human forearm, we moulded the material into an anthropomorphic shape. Using both reflectance hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and photoacoustic tomography (PAT), we acquired images of the forearm phantoms and evaluated the performance of linear spectral unmixing (LSU). Results: Based on 10 fabricated forearm phantoms with vessel-like structures featuring five distinct sO$_2$ levels (between 0 and 100%), we showed that the measured absorption spectra of the material correlated well with HSI and PAT data with a Pearson correlation coefficient consistently above 0.8. Further, the application of LSU enabled a quantification of the mean absolute error in sO$_2$ assessment with HSI and PAT. Conclusion: Our anthropomorphic tissue-mimicking phantoms hold potential to provide a robust tool for developing, standardising, and validating optical imaging of sO$_2$.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2503_23161
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Anthropomorphic tissue-mimicking phantoms for oximetry validation in multispectral optical imaging
Dreher, Kris Kristoffer
Groehl, Janek
Grace, Friso
Ayala, Leonardo A.
Nölke, Jan-Hinrich
Bender, Christoph J
Watt, Melissa J
White, Catherine-Louise
Tao, Ran
Johnen, Wibke
Tizabi, Minu Dietlinde
Seitel, Alexander
Maier-Hein, Lena
Bohndiek, Sarah Elizabeth
Medical Physics
Significance: Optical imaging of blood oxygenation (sO$_2$) can be achieved based on the differential absorption spectra of oxy- and deoxy-haemoglobin. A key challenge in realising clinical validation of the sO$_2$ biomarkers is the absence of reliable sO$_2$ reference standards, including test objects. Aim: To enable quantitative testing of multispectral imaging methods for assessment of sO$_2$ by introducing anthropomorphic phantoms with appropriate tissue-mimicking optical properties. Approach: We used the stable copolymer-in-oil base material to create physical anthropomorphic structures and optimised dyes to mimic the optical absorption of blood across a wide spectral range. Using 3D-printed phantom moulds generated from a magnetic resonance image of a human forearm, we moulded the material into an anthropomorphic shape. Using both reflectance hyperspectral imaging (HSI) and photoacoustic tomography (PAT), we acquired images of the forearm phantoms and evaluated the performance of linear spectral unmixing (LSU). Results: Based on 10 fabricated forearm phantoms with vessel-like structures featuring five distinct sO$_2$ levels (between 0 and 100%), we showed that the measured absorption spectra of the material correlated well with HSI and PAT data with a Pearson correlation coefficient consistently above 0.8. Further, the application of LSU enabled a quantification of the mean absolute error in sO$_2$ assessment with HSI and PAT. Conclusion: Our anthropomorphic tissue-mimicking phantoms hold potential to provide a robust tool for developing, standardising, and validating optical imaging of sO$_2$.
title Anthropomorphic tissue-mimicking phantoms for oximetry validation in multispectral optical imaging
topic Medical Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.23161