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Main Authors:	Gautam, Aayush, Shrestha, Susav, Reddy, Narasimha
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2025
Subjects:	Computation and Language Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning
Online Access:	https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.00030
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Gumiho: A Hybrid Architecture to Prioritize Early Tokens in Speculative Decoding
by: Li, Jinze, et al.
Published: (2025)

SpecKV: Adaptive Speculative Decoding with Compression-Aware Gamma Selection
by: Shukla, Shikhar
Published: (2026)

Online Speculative Decoding
by: Liu, Xiaoxuan, et al.
Published: (2023)

Direct Alignment of Draft Model for Speculative Decoding with Chat-Fine-Tuned LLMs
by: Goel, Raghavv, et al.
Published: (2024)

SpecDec++: Boosting Speculative Decoding via Adaptive Candidate Lengths
by: Huang, Kaixuan, et al.
Published: (2024)

Mixture of Attentions For Speculative Decoding
by: Zimmer, Matthieu, et al.
Published: (2024)

SpecBound: Adaptive Bounded Self-Speculation with Layer-wise Confidence Calibration
by: Wen, Zhuofan, et al.
Published: (2026)

Traversal Verification for Speculative Tree Decoding
by: Weng, Yepeng, et al.
Published: (2025)

Faster Cascades via Speculative Decoding
by: Narasimhan, Harikrishna, et al.
Published: (2024)

HiSpec: Hierarchical Speculative Decoding for LLMs
by: Kumar, Avinash, et al.
Published: (2025)

Benchmarking the Energy Savings with Speculative Decoding Strategies
by: Dutta, Rohit, et al.
Published: (2026)

On Speculative Decoding for Multimodal Large Language Models
by: Gagrani, Mukul, et al.
Published: (2024)

A Theoretical Perspective for Speculative Decoding Algorithm
by: Yin, Ming, et al.
Published: (2024)

IA2: Alignment with ICL Activations Improves Supervised Fine-Tuning
by: Mishra, Aayush, et al.
Published: (2025)

Self-Speculative Biased Decoding for Faster Re-Translation
by: Zeng, Linxiao, et al.
Published: (2025)

Confidence-Modulated Speculative Decoding for Large Language Models
by: Sen, Jaydip, et al.
Published: (2025)

Clover: Regressive Lightweight Speculative Decoding with Sequential Knowledge
by: Xiao, Bin, et al.
Published: (2024)

Fast Forward: Accelerating LLM Prefill with Predictive FFN Sparsity
by: Gautam, Aayush, et al.
Published: (2026)

Fast Large Language Model Collaborative Decoding via Speculation
by: Fu, Jiale, et al.
Published: (2025)

AdaSPEC: Selective Knowledge Distillation for Efficient Speculative Decoders
by: Hu, Yuezhou, et al.
Published: (2025)

POSS: Position Specialist Generates Better Draft for Speculative Decoding
by: Huang, Langlin, et al.
Published: (2025)

DistillSpec: Improving Speculative Decoding via Knowledge Distillation
by: Zhou, Yongchao, et al.
Published: (2023)

Clover-2: Accurate Inference for Regressive Lightweight Speculative Decoding
by: Xiao, Bin, et al.
Published: (2024)

REST: Retrieval-Based Speculative Decoding
by: He, Zhenyu, et al.
Published: (2023)

Spiffy: Multiplying Diffusion LLM Acceleration via Lossless Speculative Decoding
by: Agrawal, Sudhanshu, et al.
Published: (2025)

ML-SpecQD: Multi-Level Speculative Decoding with Quantized Drafts
by: Georganas, Evangelos, et al.
Published: (2025)

Training Domain Draft Models for Speculative Decoding: Best Practices and Insights
by: Hong, Fenglu, et al.
Published: (2025)

Speculative Decoding Meets Quantization: Compatibility Evaluation and Hierarchical Framework Design
by: Zhang, Yudi, et al.
Published: (2025)

Accelerating LLM Inference with Lossless Speculative Decoding Algorithms for Heterogeneous Vocabularies
by: Timor, Nadav, et al.
Published: (2025)

Closer Look at Efficient Inference Methods: A Survey of Speculative Decoding
by: Ryu, Hyun, et al.
Published: (2024)

LayerSkip: Enabling Early Exit Inference and Self-Speculative Decoding
by: Elhoushi, Mostafa, et al.
Published: (2024)

Speculative Decoding with CTC-based Draft Model for LLM Inference Acceleration
by: Wen, Zhuofan, et al.
Published: (2024)

Balancing Coverage and Draft Latency in Vocabulary Trimming for Faster Speculative Decoding
by: Shoham, Ofir Ben
Published: (2026)

Jakiro: Boosting Speculative Decoding with Decoupled Multi-Head via MoE
by: Huang, Haiduo, et al.
Published: (2025)

Semi-Clairvoyant Scheduling of Speculative Decoding Requests to Minimize LLM Inference Latency
by: Li, Ruixiao, et al.
Published: (2025)

LongSpec: Long-Context Lossless Speculative Decoding with Efficient Drafting and Verification
by: Yang, Penghui, et al.
Published: (2025)

SSSD: Simply-Scalable Speculative Decoding
by: Marzollo, Michele, et al.
Published: (2024)

SuffixDecoding: Extreme Speculative Decoding for Emerging AI Applications
by: Oliaro, Gabriele, et al.
Published: (2024)

Enhancing Trust in Large Language Models via Uncertainty-Calibrated Fine-Tuning
by: Krishnan, Ranganath, et al.
Published: (2024)

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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