Biased domain walls: faster annihilation, weaker gravitational waves
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866914117060657152 |
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| author | Babichev, E. Dankovsky, I. Gorbunov, D. Ramazanov, S. Vikman, A. |
| author_facet | Babichev, E. Dankovsky, I. Gorbunov, D. Ramazanov, S. Vikman, A. |
| contents | We study the evolution of domain wall networks and their phenomenological implications in a model of a real scalar $χ$, where a $Z_2$-symmetry is slightly broken by a potential bias $V_{bias}$. It is demonstrated that the latter triggers domain wall annihilation considerably earlier than previously thought. Namely, we observe that the scaling relation $t_{ann} \propto 1/V^{2/3}_{bias}$ for the annihilation time $t_{ann}$ fits to the simulation data better than a commonly assumed $t_{ann} \propto 1/V_{bias}$. As a result, the energy density of gravitational waves produced by the network of biased domain walls, for a given tiny $V_{bias}$, is suppressed compared to naive expectations. The spectral shape of gravitational waves is similar to that resulting from unbiased domain walls, but with more power in the close-to-maximum ultraviolet part. In the far ultraviolet region, the spectrum of gravitational waves becomes nearly flat; such a plateau has been recognised earlier in the case of unbiased walls. In our investigation we mainly focus on the symmetry breaking potential $V_{breaking} \propto χ^3$, and argue that no significant modifications of the domain walls evolution take place if one includes higher powers of $χ$. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2504_07902 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Biased domain walls: faster annihilation, weaker gravitational waves Babichev, E. Dankovsky, I. Gorbunov, D. Ramazanov, S. Vikman, A. High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Physics - Theory We study the evolution of domain wall networks and their phenomenological implications in a model of a real scalar $χ$, where a $Z_2$-symmetry is slightly broken by a potential bias $V_{bias}$. It is demonstrated that the latter triggers domain wall annihilation considerably earlier than previously thought. Namely, we observe that the scaling relation $t_{ann} \propto 1/V^{2/3}_{bias}$ for the annihilation time $t_{ann}$ fits to the simulation data better than a commonly assumed $t_{ann} \propto 1/V_{bias}$. As a result, the energy density of gravitational waves produced by the network of biased domain walls, for a given tiny $V_{bias}$, is suppressed compared to naive expectations. The spectral shape of gravitational waves is similar to that resulting from unbiased domain walls, but with more power in the close-to-maximum ultraviolet part. In the far ultraviolet region, the spectrum of gravitational waves becomes nearly flat; such a plateau has been recognised earlier in the case of unbiased walls. In our investigation we mainly focus on the symmetry breaking potential $V_{breaking} \propto χ^3$, and argue that no significant modifications of the domain walls evolution take place if one includes higher powers of $χ$. |
| title | Biased domain walls: faster annihilation, weaker gravitational waves |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics High Energy Physics - Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.07902 |