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Main Authors: Horst, Nicola, Mazzaccara, Davide, Schmidt, Antonia, Sullivan, Michael, Momentè, Filippo, Franceschetti, Luca, Sadler, Philipp, Hakimov, Sherzod, Testoni, Alberto, Bernardi, Raffaella, Fernández, Raquel, Koller, Alexander, Lemon, Oliver, Schlangen, David, Giulianelli, Mario, Suglia, Alessandro
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.08590
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author Horst, Nicola
Mazzaccara, Davide
Schmidt, Antonia
Sullivan, Michael
Momentè, Filippo
Franceschetti, Luca
Sadler, Philipp
Hakimov, Sherzod
Testoni, Alberto
Bernardi, Raffaella
Fernández, Raquel
Koller, Alexander
Lemon, Oliver
Schlangen, David
Giulianelli, Mario
Suglia, Alessandro
author_facet Horst, Nicola
Mazzaccara, Davide
Schmidt, Antonia
Sullivan, Michael
Momentè, Filippo
Franceschetti, Luca
Sadler, Philipp
Hakimov, Sherzod
Testoni, Alberto
Bernardi, Raffaella
Fernández, Raquel
Koller, Alexander
Lemon, Oliver
Schlangen, David
Giulianelli, Mario
Suglia, Alessandro
contents Interaction between learner and feedback-giver has come into focus recently for post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs), through the use of reward models that judge the appropriateness of a model's response. In this paper, we investigate whether Dialogue Games -- goal-directed and rule-governed activities driven predominantly by verbal actions -- can also serve as a source of feedback signals for learning. We introduce Playpen, an environment for off- and online learning through Dialogue Game self-play, and investigate a representative set of post-training methods: supervised fine-tuning; direct alignment (DPO); and reinforcement learning with GRPO. We experiment with post-training a small LLM (Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct), evaluating performance on unseen instances of training games as well as unseen games, and on standard benchmarks. We find that imitation learning through SFT improves performance on unseen instances, but negatively impacts other skills, while interactive learning with GRPO shows balanced improvements without loss of skills. We release the framework and the baseline training setups to foster research in the promising new direction of learning in (synthetic) interaction.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2504_08590
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Playpen: An Environment for Exploring Learning Through Conversational Interaction
Horst, Nicola
Mazzaccara, Davide
Schmidt, Antonia
Sullivan, Michael
Momentè, Filippo
Franceschetti, Luca
Sadler, Philipp
Hakimov, Sherzod
Testoni, Alberto
Bernardi, Raffaella
Fernández, Raquel
Koller, Alexander
Lemon, Oliver
Schlangen, David
Giulianelli, Mario
Suglia, Alessandro
Computation and Language
Interaction between learner and feedback-giver has come into focus recently for post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs), through the use of reward models that judge the appropriateness of a model's response. In this paper, we investigate whether Dialogue Games -- goal-directed and rule-governed activities driven predominantly by verbal actions -- can also serve as a source of feedback signals for learning. We introduce Playpen, an environment for off- and online learning through Dialogue Game self-play, and investigate a representative set of post-training methods: supervised fine-tuning; direct alignment (DPO); and reinforcement learning with GRPO. We experiment with post-training a small LLM (Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct), evaluating performance on unseen instances of training games as well as unseen games, and on standard benchmarks. We find that imitation learning through SFT improves performance on unseen instances, but negatively impacts other skills, while interactive learning with GRPO shows balanced improvements without loss of skills. We release the framework and the baseline training setups to foster research in the promising new direction of learning in (synthetic) interaction.
title Playpen: An Environment for Exploring Learning Through Conversational Interaction
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.08590