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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10510 |
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Table of Contents:
- At high red-shifts, the distribution of angular separations between galaxies in clusters is in tension with the standard cosmological model. The JWST data at even higher red-shifts have exacerbated this tension. However, Zwick Tired Light (TL) model fits well with these high red shift data, bringing the TL model back into the spotlight. In the TL model, red-shift is attributed to the energy loss of photons during propagation. However, some argue that this hypothesis cannot explain the shape and primordial nature of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Assuming that the CMB source is the microwave radiation from galaxies, we show that the TL model can produce a CMB spectrum consistent with the COBE FIRAS data. The TL model predicts a finite optical path per Hubble radius, which defines an opaque region, a sphere with radius of 240 Mpc (red shift 0.051) centred on the Milky Way, within this region, the galaxy's microwave radiation superposition behaves like a black body. Additionally, the TL scenario (microwave radiation superposition) allows us to determine the angular size of the CMB temperature fluctuations, in agreement with the observed CMB power spectrum, and provides insight into the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect.