An obscured quasar census with the 4MOST IR AGN survey: design, predicted properties, and scientific goals
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Andonie, Carolina Alexander, David M. Greenwell, Claire Fotopoulou, Sotiria Hickox, Ryan Rosario, David J Villforth, Carolin Buchner, Johannes Krogager, Jens-Kristian Laloux, Brivael Merloni, Andrea Salvato, Mara Streicher, Ole Yan, Wei |
| author_facet | Andonie, Carolina Alexander, David M. Greenwell, Claire Fotopoulou, Sotiria Hickox, Ryan Rosario, David J Villforth, Carolin Buchner, Johannes Krogager, Jens-Kristian Laloux, Brivael Merloni, Andrea Salvato, Mara Streicher, Ole Yan, Wei |
| contents | We present the 4MOST IR AGN survey, the first large-scale optical spectroscopic survey characterizing mid-infrared (MIR) selected obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN). The survey targets $\approx 212,000$ obscured infrared (IR) AGN candidates over $\approx 10,000 \rm \: deg^2$ down to a magnitude limit of $r_{\rm AB}=22.8 \, \rm mag$ and will be $\approx 100 \times$ larger than any existing obscured IR AGN spectroscopic sample. We select the targets using a MIR colour criterion applied to the unWISE catalogue from the WISE all-sky survey, and then apply a $r-W2\geq 5.9 \rm \: mag$ cut; we demonstrate that this selection will mostly identify sources obscured by $N_{\rm H}>10^{22} \rm \: cm^{-2}$. The survey complements the 4MOST X-ray survey, which will follow up $\sim 1\rm M$ eROSITA-selected (typically unobscured) AGN. We perform simulations to predict the quality of the spectra that we will obtain and validate our MIR-optical colour-selection method using X-ray spectral constraints and UV-to-far IR spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling in four well-observed deep-sky fields. We find that: (1) $\approx 80-87\%$ of the WISE-selected targets are AGN down to $r_{\rm AB}=22.1-22.8 \: \rm mag$ of which $\approx 70\%$ are obscured by $N_{\rm H}>10^{22} \: \rm cm^{-2}$, and (2) $\approx 80\%$ of the 4MOST IR AGN sample will remain undetected by the deepest eROSITA observations due to extreme absorption. Our SED fitting results show that the 4MOST IR AGN survey will primarily identify obscured AGN and quasars ($\approx 55\%$ of the sample is expected to have $L_{\rm AGN,IR}>10^{45} \rm \: erg \: s^{-1}$) residing in massive galaxies ($M_{\star}\approx 10^{10}-10^{12} \rm \: M_{\odot}$) at $z\approx 0.5-3.5$ with $ \approx 33\%$ expected to be hosted by starburst galaxies. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2504_10596 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | An obscured quasar census with the 4MOST IR AGN survey: design, predicted properties, and scientific goals Andonie, Carolina Alexander, David M. Greenwell, Claire Fotopoulou, Sotiria Hickox, Ryan Rosario, David J Villforth, Carolin Buchner, Johannes Krogager, Jens-Kristian Laloux, Brivael Merloni, Andrea Salvato, Mara Streicher, Ole Yan, Wei Astrophysics of Galaxies High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena We present the 4MOST IR AGN survey, the first large-scale optical spectroscopic survey characterizing mid-infrared (MIR) selected obscured active galactic nuclei (AGN). The survey targets $\approx 212,000$ obscured infrared (IR) AGN candidates over $\approx 10,000 \rm \: deg^2$ down to a magnitude limit of $r_{\rm AB}=22.8 \, \rm mag$ and will be $\approx 100 \times$ larger than any existing obscured IR AGN spectroscopic sample. We select the targets using a MIR colour criterion applied to the unWISE catalogue from the WISE all-sky survey, and then apply a $r-W2\geq 5.9 \rm \: mag$ cut; we demonstrate that this selection will mostly identify sources obscured by $N_{\rm H}>10^{22} \rm \: cm^{-2}$. The survey complements the 4MOST X-ray survey, which will follow up $\sim 1\rm M$ eROSITA-selected (typically unobscured) AGN. We perform simulations to predict the quality of the spectra that we will obtain and validate our MIR-optical colour-selection method using X-ray spectral constraints and UV-to-far IR spectral energy distribution (SED) modelling in four well-observed deep-sky fields. We find that: (1) $\approx 80-87\%$ of the WISE-selected targets are AGN down to $r_{\rm AB}=22.1-22.8 \: \rm mag$ of which $\approx 70\%$ are obscured by $N_{\rm H}>10^{22} \: \rm cm^{-2}$, and (2) $\approx 80\%$ of the 4MOST IR AGN sample will remain undetected by the deepest eROSITA observations due to extreme absorption. Our SED fitting results show that the 4MOST IR AGN survey will primarily identify obscured AGN and quasars ($\approx 55\%$ of the sample is expected to have $L_{\rm AGN,IR}>10^{45} \rm \: erg \: s^{-1}$) residing in massive galaxies ($M_{\star}\approx 10^{10}-10^{12} \rm \: M_{\odot}$) at $z\approx 0.5-3.5$ with $ \approx 33\%$ expected to be hosted by starburst galaxies. |
| title | An obscured quasar census with the 4MOST IR AGN survey: design, predicted properties, and scientific goals |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.10596 |