Dividing sums of cycles in the semiring of functional digraphs

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Bridoux, Florian, Crespelle, Christophe, Phan, Thi Ha Duong, Richard, Adrien
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2025
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author Bridoux, Florian
Crespelle, Christophe
Phan, Thi Ha Duong
Richard, Adrien
author_facet Bridoux, Florian
Crespelle, Christophe
Phan, Thi Ha Duong
Richard, Adrien
contents Functional digraphs are unlabelled finite digraphs where each vertex has exactly one out-neighbor. They are isomorphic classes of finite discrete-time dynamical systems. Endowed with the direct sum and product, functional digraphs form a semiring with an interesting multiplicative structure. For instance, we do not know if the following division problem can be solved in polynomial time: given two functional digraphs $A$ and $B$, does $A$ divide $B$? That $A$ divides $B$ means that there exists a functional digraph $X$ such that $AX$ is isomorphic to $B$, and many such $X$ can exist. We can thus ask for the number of solutions $X$. In this paper, we focus on the case where $B$ is a sum of cycles (a disjoint union of cycles, corresponding to the limit behavior of finite discrete-time dynamical systems). There is then a naïve sub-exponential algorithm to compute the non-isomorphic solutions $X$, and our main result is an improvement of this algorithm which has the property to be polynomial when $A$ is fixed. It uses a divide-and-conquer technique that should be useful for further developments on the division problem.
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id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2504_11943
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publishDate 2025
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spellingShingle Dividing sums of cycles in the semiring of functional digraphs
Bridoux, Florian
Crespelle, Christophe
Phan, Thi Ha Duong
Richard, Adrien
Combinatorics
Discrete Mathematics
Functional digraphs are unlabelled finite digraphs where each vertex has exactly one out-neighbor. They are isomorphic classes of finite discrete-time dynamical systems. Endowed with the direct sum and product, functional digraphs form a semiring with an interesting multiplicative structure. For instance, we do not know if the following division problem can be solved in polynomial time: given two functional digraphs $A$ and $B$, does $A$ divide $B$? That $A$ divides $B$ means that there exists a functional digraph $X$ such that $AX$ is isomorphic to $B$, and many such $X$ can exist. We can thus ask for the number of solutions $X$. In this paper, we focus on the case where $B$ is a sum of cycles (a disjoint union of cycles, corresponding to the limit behavior of finite discrete-time dynamical systems). There is then a naïve sub-exponential algorithm to compute the non-isomorphic solutions $X$, and our main result is an improvement of this algorithm which has the property to be polynomial when $A$ is fixed. It uses a divide-and-conquer technique that should be useful for further developments on the division problem.
title Dividing sums of cycles in the semiring of functional digraphs
topic Combinatorics
Discrete Mathematics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.11943