Logarithmic Spectral Distribution of a non-Hermitian $β$-Ensemble

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Main Authors: Akemann, Gernot, Mezzadri, Francesco, Päßler, Patricia, Taylor, Henry
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Akemann, Gernot
Mezzadri, Francesco
Päßler, Patricia
Taylor, Henry
author_facet Akemann, Gernot
Mezzadri, Francesco
Päßler, Patricia
Taylor, Henry
contents We introduce a non-Hermitian $β$-ensemble and determine its spectral density in the limit of large $β$ and large matrix size $n$. The ensemble is given by a general tridiagonal complex random matrix of normal and chi-distributed random variables, extending previous work of two of the authors. The joint distribution of eigenvalues contains a Vandermonde determinant to the power $β$ and a residual coupling to the eigenvectors. A tool in the computation of the limiting spectral density is a single characteristic polynomial for centred tridiagonal Jacobi matrices, for which we explicitly determine the coefficients in terms of its matrix elements. In the low temperature limit $β\gg1$ our ensemble reduces to such a centred matrix with vanishing diagonal. A general theorem from free probability based on the variance of the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial allows us to obtain the spectral density when additionally taking the large-$n$ limit. It is rotationally invariant on a compact disc, given by the logarithm of the radius plus a constant. The same density is obtained when starting form a tridiagonal complex symmetric ensemble, which thus plays a special role. Extensive numerical simulations confirm our analytical results and put this and the previously studied ensemble in the context of the pseudospectrum.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2504_12120
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Logarithmic Spectral Distribution of a non-Hermitian $β$-Ensemble
Akemann, Gernot
Mezzadri, Francesco
Päßler, Patricia
Taylor, Henry
Mathematical Physics
Statistical Mechanics
Probability
We introduce a non-Hermitian $β$-ensemble and determine its spectral density in the limit of large $β$ and large matrix size $n$. The ensemble is given by a general tridiagonal complex random matrix of normal and chi-distributed random variables, extending previous work of two of the authors. The joint distribution of eigenvalues contains a Vandermonde determinant to the power $β$ and a residual coupling to the eigenvectors. A tool in the computation of the limiting spectral density is a single characteristic polynomial for centred tridiagonal Jacobi matrices, for which we explicitly determine the coefficients in terms of its matrix elements. In the low temperature limit $β\gg1$ our ensemble reduces to such a centred matrix with vanishing diagonal. A general theorem from free probability based on the variance of the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial allows us to obtain the spectral density when additionally taking the large-$n$ limit. It is rotationally invariant on a compact disc, given by the logarithm of the radius plus a constant. The same density is obtained when starting form a tridiagonal complex symmetric ensemble, which thus plays a special role. Extensive numerical simulations confirm our analytical results and put this and the previously studied ensemble in the context of the pseudospectrum.
title Logarithmic Spectral Distribution of a non-Hermitian $β$-Ensemble
topic Mathematical Physics
Statistical Mechanics
Probability
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12120