SN 2023vbg: A Type IIn Supernova Resembling SN 2009ip, with a Long-Duration Precursor and Early-Time Bump

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Main Authors: Goto, Sota, Yamanaka, Masayuki, Nagayama, Takahiro, Maeda, Keiichi, Kawabata, Miho, Sahu, D. K., Singh, Avinash, Gangopadhyay, Anjasha, Dkuniya, Naveen, Misra, Kuntal, Dubey, Monalisa, Ailawadhi, Bhavya
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Goto, Sota
Yamanaka, Masayuki
Nagayama, Takahiro
Maeda, Keiichi
Kawabata, Miho
Sahu, D. K.
Singh, Avinash
Gangopadhyay, Anjasha
Dkuniya, Naveen
Misra, Kuntal
Dubey, Monalisa
Ailawadhi, Bhavya
author_facet Goto, Sota
Yamanaka, Masayuki
Nagayama, Takahiro
Maeda, Keiichi
Kawabata, Miho
Sahu, D. K.
Singh, Avinash
Gangopadhyay, Anjasha
Dkuniya, Naveen
Misra, Kuntal
Dubey, Monalisa
Ailawadhi, Bhavya
contents Type IIn supernovae (SNe) resembling SN 2009ip (09ip-like SNe) originate from the interaction between circumstellar material (CSM) and the ejecta. This subclass not only shares similar observational properties around the maximum, but is commonly characterized by a long-duration precursor before its maximum. Investigating the observed properties of the precursor provides constraints on the mass-loss history of the progenitor. We present observational data of SN 2023vbg, a 09ip-like type IIn SN that displayed unique observational properties compared to other 09ip-like SNe. SN 2023vbg showed a long-duration precursor at approximately Mg = -14 mag lasting for about 100 days, followed by a bright bump at Mg = -17 mag at 12-25 days before the maximum. The luminosity of the precursor is similar to those of other 09ip-like SNe, but the bright bump has not been observed in other cases. After reaching the peak luminosity, the light curve exhibited a relatively smooth decline. While the H-alpha profile displays two velocity components (approximately 500 and 3000 km/s), a broad component observed in other 09ip-like SNe was not seen, though it may emerge later. We suggest that these properties are explained by the difference in the CSM structure as compared to other 09ip-like SNe; SN 2023vbg had an inner denser CSM component, as well as generally smooth CSM density distribution on a more extended scale, than in the others. Such diversity of CSM likely reflects the diversity of pre-SN outbursts, which in turn may mirror the range of evolutionary pathways in the final stages of the progenitors.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2504_15988
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle SN 2023vbg: A Type IIn Supernova Resembling SN 2009ip, with a Long-Duration Precursor and Early-Time Bump
Goto, Sota
Yamanaka, Masayuki
Nagayama, Takahiro
Maeda, Keiichi
Kawabata, Miho
Sahu, D. K.
Singh, Avinash
Gangopadhyay, Anjasha
Dkuniya, Naveen
Misra, Kuntal
Dubey, Monalisa
Ailawadhi, Bhavya
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Type IIn supernovae (SNe) resembling SN 2009ip (09ip-like SNe) originate from the interaction between circumstellar material (CSM) and the ejecta. This subclass not only shares similar observational properties around the maximum, but is commonly characterized by a long-duration precursor before its maximum. Investigating the observed properties of the precursor provides constraints on the mass-loss history of the progenitor. We present observational data of SN 2023vbg, a 09ip-like type IIn SN that displayed unique observational properties compared to other 09ip-like SNe. SN 2023vbg showed a long-duration precursor at approximately Mg = -14 mag lasting for about 100 days, followed by a bright bump at Mg = -17 mag at 12-25 days before the maximum. The luminosity of the precursor is similar to those of other 09ip-like SNe, but the bright bump has not been observed in other cases. After reaching the peak luminosity, the light curve exhibited a relatively smooth decline. While the H-alpha profile displays two velocity components (approximately 500 and 3000 km/s), a broad component observed in other 09ip-like SNe was not seen, though it may emerge later. We suggest that these properties are explained by the difference in the CSM structure as compared to other 09ip-like SNe; SN 2023vbg had an inner denser CSM component, as well as generally smooth CSM density distribution on a more extended scale, than in the others. Such diversity of CSM likely reflects the diversity of pre-SN outbursts, which in turn may mirror the range of evolutionary pathways in the final stages of the progenitors.
title SN 2023vbg: A Type IIn Supernova Resembling SN 2009ip, with a Long-Duration Precursor and Early-Time Bump
topic High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.15988