Self-interacting dark matter with observable $ΔN_{\rm eff}$

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Borah, Debasish, Mahapatra, Satyabrata, Sahu, Narendra, Thounaojam, Vicky Singh
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2025
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author Borah, Debasish
Mahapatra, Satyabrata
Sahu, Narendra
Thounaojam, Vicky Singh
author_facet Borah, Debasish
Mahapatra, Satyabrata
Sahu, Narendra
Thounaojam, Vicky Singh
contents We propose a GeV-scale self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) candidate within a dark $U(1)_D$ gauged extension of the Standard Model (SM), addressing small-scale structure issues in $Λ$CDM while predicting an observable contribution to $ΔN_{\rm eff}$ in the form of dark radiation. The model introduces a fermionic DM candidate $χ$ and a scalar $ϕ$, both charged under an unbroken $U(1)_D$ gauge symmetry. The self-interactions of $χ$ are mediated by a light vector boson $X^μ$, whose mass is generated via the Stueckelberg mechanism. The relic abundance of $χ$ is determined by thermal freeze-out through annihilations into $X^μ$, supplemented by a non-thermal component from the late decay of $ϕ$. Crucially, $ϕ$ decays after the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) but before the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) epoch, producing additional $χ$ and a dark radiation species ($ν_S$). This late-time production compensates for thermal underabundance due to efficient annihilation into light mediators, while remaining consistent with structure formation constraints. The accompanying dark radiation yields a detectable $ΔN_{\rm eff}$, compatible with Planck 2018 bounds and within reach of next-generation experiments such as SPT-3G, CMB-S4, and CMB-HD.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2504_16910
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Self-interacting dark matter with observable $ΔN_{\rm eff}$
Borah, Debasish
Mahapatra, Satyabrata
Sahu, Narendra
Thounaojam, Vicky Singh
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
We propose a GeV-scale self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) candidate within a dark $U(1)_D$ gauged extension of the Standard Model (SM), addressing small-scale structure issues in $Λ$CDM while predicting an observable contribution to $ΔN_{\rm eff}$ in the form of dark radiation. The model introduces a fermionic DM candidate $χ$ and a scalar $ϕ$, both charged under an unbroken $U(1)_D$ gauge symmetry. The self-interactions of $χ$ are mediated by a light vector boson $X^μ$, whose mass is generated via the Stueckelberg mechanism. The relic abundance of $χ$ is determined by thermal freeze-out through annihilations into $X^μ$, supplemented by a non-thermal component from the late decay of $ϕ$. Crucially, $ϕ$ decays after the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) but before the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) epoch, producing additional $χ$ and a dark radiation species ($ν_S$). This late-time production compensates for thermal underabundance due to efficient annihilation into light mediators, while remaining consistent with structure formation constraints. The accompanying dark radiation yields a detectable $ΔN_{\rm eff}$, compatible with Planck 2018 bounds and within reach of next-generation experiments such as SPT-3G, CMB-S4, and CMB-HD.
title Self-interacting dark matter with observable $ΔN_{\rm eff}$
topic High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.16910