Machine Learning-Based Analytical Expressions for Gray-Body Factors and Application to Primordial Black Holes

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Main Authors: Yuan, Guan-Wen, Calzà, Marco, Pedrotti, Davide
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Yuan, Guan-Wen
Calzà, Marco
Pedrotti, Davide
author_facet Yuan, Guan-Wen
Calzà, Marco
Pedrotti, Davide
contents Symbolic Regression (SR) is a machine learning approach that explores the space of mathematical expressions to identify those that best fit a given dataset, balancing both accuracy and simplicity. We apply SR to the study of Gray-Body Factors (GBFs), which play a crucial role in the derivation of Hawking radiation and are recognized for their computational complexity. We explore simple analytical forms for the GBFs of the Schwarzschild Black Hole (BH). We compare the results obtained with different approaches and quantify their consistency with those obtained by solving the Teukolsky equation. As a case study, we apply our pipeline, which we call \texttt{ReGrayssion}, to the study of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) as Dark Matter (DM) candidates, deriving constraints on the abundance from observations of diffuse extragalactic $γ$-ray background. These results highlight the possible role of SR in providing human-interpretable, approximate analytical GBF expressions, offering a new pathway for investigating PBH as a DM candidate.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2504_18270
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Machine Learning-Based Analytical Expressions for Gray-Body Factors and Application to Primordial Black Holes
Yuan, Guan-Wen
Calzà, Marco
Pedrotti, Davide
Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Astrophysics of Galaxies
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Symbolic Regression (SR) is a machine learning approach that explores the space of mathematical expressions to identify those that best fit a given dataset, balancing both accuracy and simplicity. We apply SR to the study of Gray-Body Factors (GBFs), which play a crucial role in the derivation of Hawking radiation and are recognized for their computational complexity. We explore simple analytical forms for the GBFs of the Schwarzschild Black Hole (BH). We compare the results obtained with different approaches and quantify their consistency with those obtained by solving the Teukolsky equation. As a case study, we apply our pipeline, which we call \texttt{ReGrayssion}, to the study of Primordial Black Holes (PBHs) as Dark Matter (DM) candidates, deriving constraints on the abundance from observations of diffuse extragalactic $γ$-ray background. These results highlight the possible role of SR in providing human-interpretable, approximate analytical GBF expressions, offering a new pathway for investigating PBH as a DM candidate.
title Machine Learning-Based Analytical Expressions for Gray-Body Factors and Application to Primordial Black Holes
topic Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Astrophysics of Galaxies
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.18270