Microlensing events indicate that super-Earth exoplanets are common in Jupiter-like orbits
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Zang, Weicheng Jung, Youn Kil Yee, Jennifer C. Hwang, Kyu-Ha Yang, Hongjing Udalski, Andrzej Sumi, Takahiro Gould, Andrew Mao, Shude Albrow, Michael D. Chung, Sun-Ju Han, Cheongho Ryu, Yoon-Hyun Shin, In-Gu Shvartzvald, Yossi Cha, Sang-Mok Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Hyoun-Woo Kim, Seung-Lee Lee, Chung-Uk Lee, Dong-Joo Lee, Yongseok Park, Byeong-Gon Pogge, Richard W. Zhang, Xiangyu Kuang, Renkun Wang, Hanyue Zhang, Jiyuan Hu, Zhecheng Zhu, Wei Mróz, Przemek Skowron, Jan Poleski, Radosław Szymański, Michał K. Soszyński, Igor Pietrukowicz, Paweł Kozłowski, Szymon Ulaczyk, Krzysztof Rybicki, Krzysztof A. Iwanek, Patryk Wrona, Marcin Gromadzki, Mariusz Abe, Fumio Barry, Richard Bennett, David P. Bhattacharya, Aparna Bond, Ian A. Fujii, Hirosane Fukui, Akihiko Hamada, Ryusei Hirao, Yuki Silva, Stela Ishitani Itow, Yoshitaka Kirikawa, Rintaro Koshimoto, Naoki Matsubara, Yutaka Miyazaki, Shota Muraki, Yasushi Olmschenk, Greg Ranc, Clément Rattenbury, Nicholas J. Satoh, Yuki Suzuki, Daisuke Tomoyoshi, Mio Tristram, Paul J. Vandorou, Aikaterini Yama, Hibiki Yamashita, Kansuke |
| author_facet | Zang, Weicheng Jung, Youn Kil Yee, Jennifer C. Hwang, Kyu-Ha Yang, Hongjing Udalski, Andrzej Sumi, Takahiro Gould, Andrew Mao, Shude Albrow, Michael D. Chung, Sun-Ju Han, Cheongho Ryu, Yoon-Hyun Shin, In-Gu Shvartzvald, Yossi Cha, Sang-Mok Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Hyoun-Woo Kim, Seung-Lee Lee, Chung-Uk Lee, Dong-Joo Lee, Yongseok Park, Byeong-Gon Pogge, Richard W. Zhang, Xiangyu Kuang, Renkun Wang, Hanyue Zhang, Jiyuan Hu, Zhecheng Zhu, Wei Mróz, Przemek Skowron, Jan Poleski, Radosław Szymański, Michał K. Soszyński, Igor Pietrukowicz, Paweł Kozłowski, Szymon Ulaczyk, Krzysztof Rybicki, Krzysztof A. Iwanek, Patryk Wrona, Marcin Gromadzki, Mariusz Abe, Fumio Barry, Richard Bennett, David P. Bhattacharya, Aparna Bond, Ian A. Fujii, Hirosane Fukui, Akihiko Hamada, Ryusei Hirao, Yuki Silva, Stela Ishitani Itow, Yoshitaka Kirikawa, Rintaro Koshimoto, Naoki Matsubara, Yutaka Miyazaki, Shota Muraki, Yasushi Olmschenk, Greg Ranc, Clément Rattenbury, Nicholas J. Satoh, Yuki Suzuki, Daisuke Tomoyoshi, Mio Tristram, Paul J. Vandorou, Aikaterini Yama, Hibiki Yamashita, Kansuke |
| contents | Exoplanets classified as super-Earths are commonly observed on short period orbits, close to their host stars, but their abundance on wider orbits is poorly constrained. Gravitational microlensing is sensitive to exoplanets on wide orbits. We observed the microlensing event OGLE-2016-BLG-0007, which indicates an exoplanet with a planet-to-star mass ratio roughly double the Earth-Sun mass-ratio, on an orbit longer than Saturn's. We combine this event with a larger sample from a microlensing survey to determine the distribution of mass ratios for planets on wide orbits. We infer there are $\sim 0.35$ super-Earth planets per star on Jupiter-like orbits. The observations are most consistent with a bimodal distribution, with separate peaks for super-Earths and gas giants. We suggest that this reflects differences in their formation processes. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2504_20158 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Microlensing events indicate that super-Earth exoplanets are common in Jupiter-like orbits Zang, Weicheng Jung, Youn Kil Yee, Jennifer C. Hwang, Kyu-Ha Yang, Hongjing Udalski, Andrzej Sumi, Takahiro Gould, Andrew Mao, Shude Albrow, Michael D. Chung, Sun-Ju Han, Cheongho Ryu, Yoon-Hyun Shin, In-Gu Shvartzvald, Yossi Cha, Sang-Mok Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Hyoun-Woo Kim, Seung-Lee Lee, Chung-Uk Lee, Dong-Joo Lee, Yongseok Park, Byeong-Gon Pogge, Richard W. Zhang, Xiangyu Kuang, Renkun Wang, Hanyue Zhang, Jiyuan Hu, Zhecheng Zhu, Wei Mróz, Przemek Skowron, Jan Poleski, Radosław Szymański, Michał K. Soszyński, Igor Pietrukowicz, Paweł Kozłowski, Szymon Ulaczyk, Krzysztof Rybicki, Krzysztof A. Iwanek, Patryk Wrona, Marcin Gromadzki, Mariusz Abe, Fumio Barry, Richard Bennett, David P. Bhattacharya, Aparna Bond, Ian A. Fujii, Hirosane Fukui, Akihiko Hamada, Ryusei Hirao, Yuki Silva, Stela Ishitani Itow, Yoshitaka Kirikawa, Rintaro Koshimoto, Naoki Matsubara, Yutaka Miyazaki, Shota Muraki, Yasushi Olmschenk, Greg Ranc, Clément Rattenbury, Nicholas J. Satoh, Yuki Suzuki, Daisuke Tomoyoshi, Mio Tristram, Paul J. Vandorou, Aikaterini Yama, Hibiki Yamashita, Kansuke Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Exoplanets classified as super-Earths are commonly observed on short period orbits, close to their host stars, but their abundance on wider orbits is poorly constrained. Gravitational microlensing is sensitive to exoplanets on wide orbits. We observed the microlensing event OGLE-2016-BLG-0007, which indicates an exoplanet with a planet-to-star mass ratio roughly double the Earth-Sun mass-ratio, on an orbit longer than Saturn's. We combine this event with a larger sample from a microlensing survey to determine the distribution of mass ratios for planets on wide orbits. We infer there are $\sim 0.35$ super-Earth planets per star on Jupiter-like orbits. The observations are most consistent with a bimodal distribution, with separate peaks for super-Earths and gas giants. We suggest that this reflects differences in their formation processes. |
| title | Microlensing events indicate that super-Earth exoplanets are common in Jupiter-like orbits |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.20158 |