JWST and Ground-based Observations of the Type Iax Supernovae SN 2024pxl and SN 2024vjm: Evidence for Weak Deflagration Explosions
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2025
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| author | Kwok, Lindsey A. Singh, Mridweeka Jha, Saurabh W. Blondin, Stéphane Dastidar, Raya Larison, Conor Miller, Adam A. Andrews, Jennifer E. Andrews, Moira Anupama, G. C. Auchettl, Katie Bánhidi, Dominik Barna, Barnabas Bostroem, K. Azalee Brink, Thomas G. Cartier, Régis Chen, Ping Christy, Collin T. Coulter, David A. Covarrubias, Sofia Davis, Kyle W. Dickinson, Connor B. Dong, Yize Farah, Joseph R. Filippenko, Alexei V. Flörs, Andreas Foley, Ryan J. Franz, Noah Fremling, Christoffer Galbany, Lluís Gangopadhyay, Anjasha Garg, Aarna Garnavich, Peter Gates, Elinor L. Graur, Or Gordon, Alexa C. Hiramatsu, Daichi Hoang, Emily Howell, D. Andrew Hsu, Brian Johansson, Joel Joshi, Arti Kahinga, Lordrick A. Kaur, Ravjit Kumar, Sahana Kumnurdmanee, Piramon Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo LeBaron, Natalie Liu, Chang Maeda, Keiichi Maguire, Kate McCully, Curtis Mehta, Darshana Menotti, Luca M. Metevier, Anne J. Misra, Kuntal Murphey, C. Tanner Newsome, Megan Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Patra, Kishore C. Pearson, Jeniveve Piro, Anthony L. Polin, Abigail Ravi, Aravind P. Rest, Armin Rehemtulla, Nabeel Retamal, Nicolas Meza Robinson, Olivia M. Rojas-Bravo, César Sahu, Devendra K. Sand, David J. Schmidt, Brian P. Schulze, Steve Schwab, Michaela Shrestha, Manisha Siebert, Matthew R. Simha, Sunil Smith, Nathan Sollerman, Jesper Subrayan, Bhagya M. Szalai, Tamás Taggart, Kirsty Teja, Rishabh Singh Temim, Tea Terwel, Jacco H. Tinyanont, Samaporn Valenti, Stefano Vilchez, Jorge Anais Vinkó, József Westerling, Aya L. Yang, Yi Zheng, WeiKang |
| author_facet | Kwok, Lindsey A. Singh, Mridweeka Jha, Saurabh W. Blondin, Stéphane Dastidar, Raya Larison, Conor Miller, Adam A. Andrews, Jennifer E. Andrews, Moira Anupama, G. C. Auchettl, Katie Bánhidi, Dominik Barna, Barnabas Bostroem, K. Azalee Brink, Thomas G. Cartier, Régis Chen, Ping Christy, Collin T. Coulter, David A. Covarrubias, Sofia Davis, Kyle W. Dickinson, Connor B. Dong, Yize Farah, Joseph R. Filippenko, Alexei V. Flörs, Andreas Foley, Ryan J. Franz, Noah Fremling, Christoffer Galbany, Lluís Gangopadhyay, Anjasha Garg, Aarna Garnavich, Peter Gates, Elinor L. Graur, Or Gordon, Alexa C. Hiramatsu, Daichi Hoang, Emily Howell, D. Andrew Hsu, Brian Johansson, Joel Joshi, Arti Kahinga, Lordrick A. Kaur, Ravjit Kumar, Sahana Kumnurdmanee, Piramon Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo LeBaron, Natalie Liu, Chang Maeda, Keiichi Maguire, Kate McCully, Curtis Mehta, Darshana Menotti, Luca M. Metevier, Anne J. Misra, Kuntal Murphey, C. Tanner Newsome, Megan Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Patra, Kishore C. Pearson, Jeniveve Piro, Anthony L. Polin, Abigail Ravi, Aravind P. Rest, Armin Rehemtulla, Nabeel Retamal, Nicolas Meza Robinson, Olivia M. Rojas-Bravo, César Sahu, Devendra K. Sand, David J. Schmidt, Brian P. Schulze, Steve Schwab, Michaela Shrestha, Manisha Siebert, Matthew R. Simha, Sunil Smith, Nathan Sollerman, Jesper Subrayan, Bhagya M. Szalai, Tamás Taggart, Kirsty Teja, Rishabh Singh Temim, Tea Terwel, Jacco H. Tinyanont, Samaporn Valenti, Stefano Vilchez, Jorge Anais Vinkó, József Westerling, Aya L. Yang, Yi Zheng, WeiKang |
| contents | We present panchromatic optical $+$ near-infrared (NIR) $+$ mid-infrared (MIR) observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type Iax supernova (SN Iax) 2024pxl and the extremely low-luminosity SN Iax 2024vjm. JWST observations provide unprecedented MIR spectroscopy of SN Iax, spanning from $+$11 to $+$42 days past maximum light. We detect forbidden emission lines in the MIR at these early times while the optical and NIR are dominated by permitted lines with an absorption component. Panchromatic spectra at early times can thus simultaneously show nebular and photospheric lines, probing both inner and outer layers of the ejecta. We identify spectral lines not seen before in SN Iax, including [Mg II] 4.76 $μ$m, [Mg II] 9.71 $μ$m, [Ne II] 12.81 $μ$m, and isolated O I 2.76 $μ$m that traces unburned material. Forbidden emission lines of all species are centrally peaked with similar kinematic distributions, indicating that the ejecta are well mixed in both SN 2024pxl and SN 2024vjm, a hallmark of pure deflagration explosion models. Radiative transfer modeling of SN 2024pxl shows good agreement with a weak deflagration of a near-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf, but additional IR flux is needed to match the observations, potentially attributable to a surviving remnant. Similarly, we find SN 2024vjm is also best explained by a weak deflagration model, despite the large difference in luminosity between the two supernovae. Future modeling should push to even weaker explosions and include the contribution of a bound remnant. Our observations demonstrate the diagnostic power of panchromatic spectroscopy for unveiling explosion physics in thermonuclear supernovae. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_02944 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | JWST and Ground-based Observations of the Type Iax Supernovae SN 2024pxl and SN 2024vjm: Evidence for Weak Deflagration Explosions Kwok, Lindsey A. Singh, Mridweeka Jha, Saurabh W. Blondin, Stéphane Dastidar, Raya Larison, Conor Miller, Adam A. Andrews, Jennifer E. Andrews, Moira Anupama, G. C. Auchettl, Katie Bánhidi, Dominik Barna, Barnabas Bostroem, K. Azalee Brink, Thomas G. Cartier, Régis Chen, Ping Christy, Collin T. Coulter, David A. Covarrubias, Sofia Davis, Kyle W. Dickinson, Connor B. Dong, Yize Farah, Joseph R. Filippenko, Alexei V. Flörs, Andreas Foley, Ryan J. Franz, Noah Fremling, Christoffer Galbany, Lluís Gangopadhyay, Anjasha Garg, Aarna Garnavich, Peter Gates, Elinor L. Graur, Or Gordon, Alexa C. Hiramatsu, Daichi Hoang, Emily Howell, D. Andrew Hsu, Brian Johansson, Joel Joshi, Arti Kahinga, Lordrick A. Kaur, Ravjit Kumar, Sahana Kumnurdmanee, Piramon Kuncarayakti, Hanindyo LeBaron, Natalie Liu, Chang Maeda, Keiichi Maguire, Kate McCully, Curtis Mehta, Darshana Menotti, Luca M. Metevier, Anne J. Misra, Kuntal Murphey, C. Tanner Newsome, Megan Gonzalez, Estefania Padilla Patra, Kishore C. Pearson, Jeniveve Piro, Anthony L. Polin, Abigail Ravi, Aravind P. Rest, Armin Rehemtulla, Nabeel Retamal, Nicolas Meza Robinson, Olivia M. Rojas-Bravo, César Sahu, Devendra K. Sand, David J. Schmidt, Brian P. Schulze, Steve Schwab, Michaela Shrestha, Manisha Siebert, Matthew R. Simha, Sunil Smith, Nathan Sollerman, Jesper Subrayan, Bhagya M. Szalai, Tamás Taggart, Kirsty Teja, Rishabh Singh Temim, Tea Terwel, Jacco H. Tinyanont, Samaporn Valenti, Stefano Vilchez, Jorge Anais Vinkó, József Westerling, Aya L. Yang, Yi Zheng, WeiKang High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena We present panchromatic optical $+$ near-infrared (NIR) $+$ mid-infrared (MIR) observations of the intermediate-luminosity Type Iax supernova (SN Iax) 2024pxl and the extremely low-luminosity SN Iax 2024vjm. JWST observations provide unprecedented MIR spectroscopy of SN Iax, spanning from $+$11 to $+$42 days past maximum light. We detect forbidden emission lines in the MIR at these early times while the optical and NIR are dominated by permitted lines with an absorption component. Panchromatic spectra at early times can thus simultaneously show nebular and photospheric lines, probing both inner and outer layers of the ejecta. We identify spectral lines not seen before in SN Iax, including [Mg II] 4.76 $μ$m, [Mg II] 9.71 $μ$m, [Ne II] 12.81 $μ$m, and isolated O I 2.76 $μ$m that traces unburned material. Forbidden emission lines of all species are centrally peaked with similar kinematic distributions, indicating that the ejecta are well mixed in both SN 2024pxl and SN 2024vjm, a hallmark of pure deflagration explosion models. Radiative transfer modeling of SN 2024pxl shows good agreement with a weak deflagration of a near-Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf, but additional IR flux is needed to match the observations, potentially attributable to a surviving remnant. Similarly, we find SN 2024vjm is also best explained by a weak deflagration model, despite the large difference in luminosity between the two supernovae. Future modeling should push to even weaker explosions and include the contribution of a bound remnant. Our observations demonstrate the diagnostic power of panchromatic spectroscopy for unveiling explosion physics in thermonuclear supernovae. |
| title | JWST and Ground-based Observations of the Type Iax Supernovae SN 2024pxl and SN 2024vjm: Evidence for Weak Deflagration Explosions |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.02944 |