Prediction-powered estimators for finite population statistics in highly imbalanced textual data: Public hate crime estimation

Fuente: arXiv
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Auteurs principaux: Waldetoft, Hannes, Torgander, Jakob, Magnusson, Måns
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2025
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author Waldetoft, Hannes
Torgander, Jakob
Magnusson, Måns
author_facet Waldetoft, Hannes
Torgander, Jakob
Magnusson, Måns
contents Estimating population parameters in finite populations of text documents can be challenging when obtaining the labels for the target variable requires manual annotation. To address this problem, we combine predictions from a transformer encoder neural network with well-established survey sampling estimators using the model predictions as an auxiliary variable. The applicability is demonstrated in Swedish hate crime statistics based on Swedish police reports. Estimates of the yearly number of hate crimes and the police's under-reporting are derived using the Hansen-Hurwitz estimator, difference estimation, and stratified random sampling estimation. We conclude that if labeled training data is available, the proposed method can provide very efficient estimates with reduced time spent on manual annotation.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_04643
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Prediction-powered estimators for finite population statistics in highly imbalanced textual data: Public hate crime estimation
Waldetoft, Hannes
Torgander, Jakob
Magnusson, Måns
Computation and Language
Machine Learning
Estimating population parameters in finite populations of text documents can be challenging when obtaining the labels for the target variable requires manual annotation. To address this problem, we combine predictions from a transformer encoder neural network with well-established survey sampling estimators using the model predictions as an auxiliary variable. The applicability is demonstrated in Swedish hate crime statistics based on Swedish police reports. Estimates of the yearly number of hate crimes and the police's under-reporting are derived using the Hansen-Hurwitz estimator, difference estimation, and stratified random sampling estimation. We conclude that if labeled training data is available, the proposed method can provide very efficient estimates with reduced time spent on manual annotation.
title Prediction-powered estimators for finite population statistics in highly imbalanced textual data: Public hate crime estimation
topic Computation and Language
Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.04643