Multi-level Governance, Smart Meter Adoption, and Utilities' Energy Efficiency Savings in the U.S

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Main Authors:	Gao, Yue, Zhang, Jing
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2025
Subjects:	General Economics Economics
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
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author	Gao, Yue Zhang, Jing
author_facet	Gao, Yue Zhang, Jing
contents	Smart grids enable the alignment of energy supply and demand, enhance energy efficiency, and raise consumer awareness of energy conservation. Smart meter, a vital technological component of smart grids, enables bidirectional communication between consumers and utility companies. This paper employs the two-stage least squares panel data model to examine the effects of federal funding and state legislative actions on smart meter adoption and the resulting energy efficiency savings in the residential sector of the United States. Additionally, we use machine learning techniques to select the subset of control variables that are influential for smart meter adoption and energy efficiency savings. The findings suggest that both federal financial assistance and state legislative actions have positive effects on smart meter adoption, and the interaction of federal funding and state policy interventions have a significantly greater effect on adoption as compared to the sum of the individual policy instrument alone. Furthermore, there exists a positive association between the adoption rate and energy efficiency savings. This study presents empirical evidence that underscores the significance of multi-level governance as an effective means for policy integration regarding smart meter adoptions, and it discusses the policy implications for grid modernization and environmental policies.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_05596
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2025
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	Multi-level Governance, Smart Meter Adoption, and Utilities' Energy Efficiency Savings in the U.S Gao, Yue Zhang, Jing General Economics Economics Smart grids enable the alignment of energy supply and demand, enhance energy efficiency, and raise consumer awareness of energy conservation. Smart meter, a vital technological component of smart grids, enables bidirectional communication between consumers and utility companies. This paper employs the two-stage least squares panel data model to examine the effects of federal funding and state legislative actions on smart meter adoption and the resulting energy efficiency savings in the residential sector of the United States. Additionally, we use machine learning techniques to select the subset of control variables that are influential for smart meter adoption and energy efficiency savings. The findings suggest that both federal financial assistance and state legislative actions have positive effects on smart meter adoption, and the interaction of federal funding and state policy interventions have a significantly greater effect on adoption as compared to the sum of the individual policy instrument alone. Furthermore, there exists a positive association between the adoption rate and energy efficiency savings. This study presents empirical evidence that underscores the significance of multi-level governance as an effective means for policy integration regarding smart meter adoptions, and it discusses the policy implications for grid modernization and environmental policies.
title	Multi-level Governance, Smart Meter Adoption, and Utilities' Energy Efficiency Savings in the U.S
topic	General Economics Economics
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.05596

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