Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint
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2025
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| author | Miranda, Alejandro Santamaría Curone, Pietro Pérez, Laura Kurtovic, Nicolás T. Agurto-Gangas, Carolina Sierra, Anibal De Gregorio-Monsalvo, Itziar Huélamo, Nuria Miley, James M. Palau, Aína Pinilla, Paola Rebollido, Isabel Ribas, Álvaro Rivière-Marichalar, Pablo Schreiber, Matthias R. Sai, Jinshi Carrera, Benjamín |
| author_facet | Miranda, Alejandro Santamaría Curone, Pietro Pérez, Laura Kurtovic, Nicolás T. Agurto-Gangas, Carolina Sierra, Anibal De Gregorio-Monsalvo, Itziar Huélamo, Nuria Miley, James M. Palau, Aína Pinilla, Paola Rebollido, Isabel Ribas, Álvaro Rivière-Marichalar, Pablo Schreiber, Matthias R. Sai, Jinshi Carrera, Benjamín |
| contents | We present high-resolution ALMA observations at 0.89 mm of the Class II brown dwarf 2MASS J04442713+2512164 (2M0444), achieving a spatial resolution of 0$.\!\!^{\prime\prime}$046 ($\sim$6.4 au at the distance to the source). These observations targeted continuum emission together with $^{12}$CO (3-2) molecular line. The line emission traces a Keplerian disk, allowing us to derive a dynamical mass between 0.043-0.092 M${_{\odot}}$ for the central object. We constrain the gas-to-dust disk size ratio to be $\sim$7, consistent with efficient radial drift. However, the observed dust emission suggest that a dust trap is present, enough to retain some dust particles. We perform visibility fitting of the continuum emission, and under the assumption of annular substructure, our best fit shows a gap and a ring at 98.1$^{+4.2}_{-8.4}$ mas ($\sim$14 au) and 116.0$^{+4.2}_{-4.8}$ mas ($\sim$16 au), respectively, with a gap width of 20 mas ($\sim$3 au). To ensure robustness, the data were analyzed through a variety of methods in both the image and uv plane, employing multiple codes and approaches. This tentative disk structure could be linked to a possible planetary companion in the process of formation. These results provide the first dynamical mass of the lowest mass object to date, together with the possible direct detection of a substructure, offering new insights into disk dynamics and planet formation in the very low-mass regime. Future higher spatial resolution ALMA observations will be essential to confirm these findings and further investigate the link between substructures and planet formation in brown dwarf disks. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_08107 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint Miranda, Alejandro Santamaría Curone, Pietro Pérez, Laura Kurtovic, Nicolás T. Agurto-Gangas, Carolina Sierra, Anibal De Gregorio-Monsalvo, Itziar Huélamo, Nuria Miley, James M. Palau, Aína Pinilla, Paola Rebollido, Isabel Ribas, Álvaro Rivière-Marichalar, Pablo Schreiber, Matthias R. Sai, Jinshi Carrera, Benjamín Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Earth and Planetary Astrophysics We present high-resolution ALMA observations at 0.89 mm of the Class II brown dwarf 2MASS J04442713+2512164 (2M0444), achieving a spatial resolution of 0$.\!\!^{\prime\prime}$046 ($\sim$6.4 au at the distance to the source). These observations targeted continuum emission together with $^{12}$CO (3-2) molecular line. The line emission traces a Keplerian disk, allowing us to derive a dynamical mass between 0.043-0.092 M${_{\odot}}$ for the central object. We constrain the gas-to-dust disk size ratio to be $\sim$7, consistent with efficient radial drift. However, the observed dust emission suggest that a dust trap is present, enough to retain some dust particles. We perform visibility fitting of the continuum emission, and under the assumption of annular substructure, our best fit shows a gap and a ring at 98.1$^{+4.2}_{-8.4}$ mas ($\sim$14 au) and 116.0$^{+4.2}_{-4.8}$ mas ($\sim$16 au), respectively, with a gap width of 20 mas ($\sim$3 au). To ensure robustness, the data were analyzed through a variety of methods in both the image and uv plane, employing multiple codes and approaches. This tentative disk structure could be linked to a possible planetary companion in the process of formation. These results provide the first dynamical mass of the lowest mass object to date, together with the possible direct detection of a substructure, offering new insights into disk dynamics and planet formation in the very low-mass regime. Future higher spatial resolution ALMA observations will be essential to confirm these findings and further investigate the link between substructures and planet formation in brown dwarf disks. |
| title | Hints of Disk Substructure in the First Brown Dwarf with a Dynamical Mass Constraint |
| topic | Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Earth and Planetary Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.08107 |