Generalization of Repetitiveness Measures for Two-Dimensional Strings

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Carfagna, Lorenzo, Manzini, Giovanni, Romana, Giuseppe, Sciortino, Marinella, Urbina, Cristian
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Carfagna, Lorenzo
Manzini, Giovanni
Romana, Giuseppe
Sciortino, Marinella
Urbina, Cristian
author_facet Carfagna, Lorenzo
Manzini, Giovanni
Romana, Giuseppe
Sciortino, Marinella
Urbina, Cristian
contents The problem of detecting and measuring the repetitiveness of one-dimensional strings has been extensively studied in data compression and text indexing. Our understanding of these issues has been significantly improved by the introduction of the notion of string attractor [Kempa and Prezza, STOC 2018] and by the results showing the relationship between attractors and other measures of compressibility. When the input data are structured in a non-linear way, as in two-dimensional strings, inherent redundancy often offers an even richer source for compression. However, systematic studies on repetitiveness measures for two-dimensional strings are still scarce. In this paper we extend to two or more dimensions the main measures of complexity introduced for one-dimensional strings. We distinguish between the measures $δ$ and $γ$, defined in terms of the substrings of the input, and the measures $g$, $g_{rl}$, and $b$, which are based on copy-paste mechanisms. We study the properties and mutual relationships between these two classes and we show that the two classes become incomparable for $d$-dimensional inputs as soon as $d\geq 2$. Moreover, we show that our grammar-based representation of a $d$-dimensional string of size $N$ enables direct access to any symbol in $O(\log N)$ time. We also compare our measures for two-dimensional strings with the 2D Block Tree data structure [Brisaboa et al., Computer J., 2024] and provide some insights for the design of future effective two-dimensional compressors.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_10680
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Generalization of Repetitiveness Measures for Two-Dimensional Strings
Carfagna, Lorenzo
Manzini, Giovanni
Romana, Giuseppe
Sciortino, Marinella
Urbina, Cristian
Data Structures and Algorithms
The problem of detecting and measuring the repetitiveness of one-dimensional strings has been extensively studied in data compression and text indexing. Our understanding of these issues has been significantly improved by the introduction of the notion of string attractor [Kempa and Prezza, STOC 2018] and by the results showing the relationship between attractors and other measures of compressibility. When the input data are structured in a non-linear way, as in two-dimensional strings, inherent redundancy often offers an even richer source for compression. However, systematic studies on repetitiveness measures for two-dimensional strings are still scarce. In this paper we extend to two or more dimensions the main measures of complexity introduced for one-dimensional strings. We distinguish between the measures $δ$ and $γ$, defined in terms of the substrings of the input, and the measures $g$, $g_{rl}$, and $b$, which are based on copy-paste mechanisms. We study the properties and mutual relationships between these two classes and we show that the two classes become incomparable for $d$-dimensional inputs as soon as $d\geq 2$. Moreover, we show that our grammar-based representation of a $d$-dimensional string of size $N$ enables direct access to any symbol in $O(\log N)$ time. We also compare our measures for two-dimensional strings with the 2D Block Tree data structure [Brisaboa et al., Computer J., 2024] and provide some insights for the design of future effective two-dimensional compressors.
title Generalization of Repetitiveness Measures for Two-Dimensional Strings
topic Data Structures and Algorithms
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.10680