Depth first representations of $k^2$-trees

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Carmona, Gabriel, Manzini, Giovanni
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2025
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author Carmona, Gabriel
Manzini, Giovanni
author_facet Carmona, Gabriel
Manzini, Giovanni
contents The $k^2$-tree is a compact data structure designed to efficiently store sparse binary matrices by leveraging both sparsity and clustering of nonzero elements. This representation supports efficiently navigational operations and complex binary operations, such as matrix-matrix multiplication, while maintaining space efficiency. The standard $k^2$-tree follows a level-by-level representation, which, while effective, prevents further compression of identical subtrees and it si not cache friendly when accessing individual subtrees. In this work, we introduce some novel depth-first representations of the $k^2$-tree and propose an efficient linear-time algorithm to identify and compress identical subtrees within these structures. Our experimental results show that the use of a depth-first representations is a strategy worth pursuing: for the adjacency matrix of web graphs exploiting the presence of identical subtrees does improve the compression ratio, and for some matrices depth-first representations turns out to be faster than the standard $k^2$-tree in computing the matrix-matrix multiplication.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_11302
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Depth first representations of $k^2$-trees
Carmona, Gabriel
Manzini, Giovanni
Data Structures and Algorithms
The $k^2$-tree is a compact data structure designed to efficiently store sparse binary matrices by leveraging both sparsity and clustering of nonzero elements. This representation supports efficiently navigational operations and complex binary operations, such as matrix-matrix multiplication, while maintaining space efficiency. The standard $k^2$-tree follows a level-by-level representation, which, while effective, prevents further compression of identical subtrees and it si not cache friendly when accessing individual subtrees. In this work, we introduce some novel depth-first representations of the $k^2$-tree and propose an efficient linear-time algorithm to identify and compress identical subtrees within these structures. Our experimental results show that the use of a depth-first representations is a strategy worth pursuing: for the adjacency matrix of web graphs exploiting the presence of identical subtrees does improve the compression ratio, and for some matrices depth-first representations turns out to be faster than the standard $k^2$-tree in computing the matrix-matrix multiplication.
title Depth first representations of $k^2$-trees
topic Data Structures and Algorithms
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.11302