Uniqueness and nonuniqueness of $p$-harmonic Green functions on weighted $\mathbf{R}^n$ and metric spaces

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Main Authors: Björn, Anders, Björn, Jana, Eriksson-Bique, Sylvester, Zhou, Xiaodan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Björn, Anders
Björn, Jana
Eriksson-Bique, Sylvester
Zhou, Xiaodan
author_facet Björn, Anders
Björn, Jana
Eriksson-Bique, Sylvester
Zhou, Xiaodan
contents We study uniqueness of $p$-harmonic Green functions in domains $Ω$ in a complete metric space equipped with a doubling measure supporting a $p$-Poincaré inequality, with $1<p<\infty$. For bounded domains in unweighted $\mathbf{R}^n$, the uniqueness was shown for the $p$-Laplace operator $Δ_p$ and all $p$ by Kichenassamy--Véron (Math. Ann. 275 (1986), 599-615), while for $p=2$ it is an easy consequence of the linearity of the Laplace operator $Δ$. Beyond that, uniqueness is only known in some particular cases, such as in Ahlfors $p$-regular spaces, as shown by Bonk--Capogna--Zhou (arXiv:2211.11974). When the singularity $x_0$ has positive $p$-capacity, the Green function is a particular multiple of the capacitary potential for $\text{cap}_p(\{x_0\},Ω)$ and is therefore unique. Here we give a sufficient condition for uniqueness in metric spaces, and provide an example showing that the range of $p$ for which it holds (while $x_0$ has zero $p$-capacity) can be a nondegenerate interval. In the opposite direction, we give the first example showing that uniqueness can fail in metric spaces, even for $p=2$.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_19074
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Uniqueness and nonuniqueness of $p$-harmonic Green functions on weighted $\mathbf{R}^n$ and metric spaces
Björn, Anders
Björn, Jana
Eriksson-Bique, Sylvester
Zhou, Xiaodan
Analysis of PDEs
Primary: 35J08, Secondary: 30L99, 31C45, 31E05, 35J92, 49Q20
We study uniqueness of $p$-harmonic Green functions in domains $Ω$ in a complete metric space equipped with a doubling measure supporting a $p$-Poincaré inequality, with $1<p<\infty$. For bounded domains in unweighted $\mathbf{R}^n$, the uniqueness was shown for the $p$-Laplace operator $Δ_p$ and all $p$ by Kichenassamy--Véron (Math. Ann. 275 (1986), 599-615), while for $p=2$ it is an easy consequence of the linearity of the Laplace operator $Δ$. Beyond that, uniqueness is only known in some particular cases, such as in Ahlfors $p$-regular spaces, as shown by Bonk--Capogna--Zhou (arXiv:2211.11974). When the singularity $x_0$ has positive $p$-capacity, the Green function is a particular multiple of the capacitary potential for $\text{cap}_p(\{x_0\},Ω)$ and is therefore unique. Here we give a sufficient condition for uniqueness in metric spaces, and provide an example showing that the range of $p$ for which it holds (while $x_0$ has zero $p$-capacity) can be a nondegenerate interval. In the opposite direction, we give the first example showing that uniqueness can fail in metric spaces, even for $p=2$.
title Uniqueness and nonuniqueness of $p$-harmonic Green functions on weighted $\mathbf{R}^n$ and metric spaces
topic Analysis of PDEs
Primary: 35J08, Secondary: 30L99, 31C45, 31E05, 35J92, 49Q20
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.19074