Cuff-KT: Tackling Learners' Real-time Learning Pattern Adjustment via Tuning-Free Knowledge State Guided Model Updating

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Main Authors: Zhou, Yiyun, Lv, Zheqi, Zhang, Shengyu, Chen, Jingyuan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Zhou, Yiyun
Lv, Zheqi
Zhang, Shengyu
Chen, Jingyuan
author_facet Zhou, Yiyun
Lv, Zheqi
Zhang, Shengyu
Chen, Jingyuan
contents Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a core component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, modeling learners' knowledge state to predict future performance and provide personalized learning support. Traditional KT models assume that learners' learning abilities remain relatively stable over short periods or change in predictable ways based on prior performance. However, in reality, learners' abilities change irregularly due to factors like cognitive fatigue, motivation, and external stress -- a task introduced, which we refer to as Real-time Learning Pattern Adjustment (RLPA). Existing KT models, when faced with RLPA, lack sufficient adaptability, because they fail to timely account for the dynamic nature of different learners' evolving learning patterns. Current strategies for enhancing adaptability rely on retraining, which leads to significant overfitting and high time overhead issues. To address this, we propose Cuff-KT, comprising a controller and a generator. The controller assigns value scores to learners, while the generator generates personalized parameters for selected learners. Cuff-KT controllably adapts to data changes fast and flexibly without fine-tuning. Experiments on five datasets from different subjects demonstrate that Cuff-KT significantly improves the performance of five KT models with different structures under intra- and inter-learner shifts, with an average relative increase in AUC of 10% and 4%, respectively, at a negligible time cost, effectively tackling RLPA task. Our code and datasets are fully available at https://github.com/zyy-2001/Cuff-KT.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_19543
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Cuff-KT: Tackling Learners' Real-time Learning Pattern Adjustment via Tuning-Free Knowledge State Guided Model Updating
Zhou, Yiyun
Lv, Zheqi
Zhang, Shengyu
Chen, Jingyuan
Machine Learning
Information Retrieval
Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a core component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, modeling learners' knowledge state to predict future performance and provide personalized learning support. Traditional KT models assume that learners' learning abilities remain relatively stable over short periods or change in predictable ways based on prior performance. However, in reality, learners' abilities change irregularly due to factors like cognitive fatigue, motivation, and external stress -- a task introduced, which we refer to as Real-time Learning Pattern Adjustment (RLPA). Existing KT models, when faced with RLPA, lack sufficient adaptability, because they fail to timely account for the dynamic nature of different learners' evolving learning patterns. Current strategies for enhancing adaptability rely on retraining, which leads to significant overfitting and high time overhead issues. To address this, we propose Cuff-KT, comprising a controller and a generator. The controller assigns value scores to learners, while the generator generates personalized parameters for selected learners. Cuff-KT controllably adapts to data changes fast and flexibly without fine-tuning. Experiments on five datasets from different subjects demonstrate that Cuff-KT significantly improves the performance of five KT models with different structures under intra- and inter-learner shifts, with an average relative increase in AUC of 10% and 4%, respectively, at a negligible time cost, effectively tackling RLPA task. Our code and datasets are fully available at https://github.com/zyy-2001/Cuff-KT.
title Cuff-KT: Tackling Learners' Real-time Learning Pattern Adjustment via Tuning-Free Knowledge State Guided Model Updating
topic Machine Learning
Information Retrieval
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.19543