Testing Extended Theories of Gravity via Black Hole Photon Rings

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Main Authors: Yue, Qiao, Xu, Zhaoyi, Tang, Meirong
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Yue, Qiao
Xu, Zhaoyi
Tang, Meirong
author_facet Yue, Qiao
Xu, Zhaoyi
Tang, Meirong
contents This research delves into the optical characteristics of stationary, spherically symmetric black holes. These black holes follow the Konoplya-Zhidenko deformation rule in arbitrary gravity theories. This research finds that the effects of \(a_2\) and \(b_2\) on photon orbital dynamics exhibit observational degeneracy, while \(\varepsilon\) significantly governs photon capture characteristics. As \(\varepsilon\) increases, the radius of the photon sphere \(r_{\text{ph}}\) and the critical impact parameter \(b_{\text{ph}}\), and the innermost stable circular orbit radius \(r_{\text{isco}}\) all increase. The event horizon \( r_{\text{h}} \) corresponds to that of the Schwarzschild black hole, while the impact parameter range for the lens and photon rings is reduced. Black hole shadow and photon ring analyses across three emission models show that increasing \(\varepsilon\) shifts the peak rightward while enlarging the photon ring radius. The closer \(\varepsilon\) is to zero, the more the results approach the Schwarzschild case, the more the results approach the Schwarzschild case. Additionally, by combining EHT observational data on the shadow diameters of M87 and Sgr A*, we imposed constraints on the correlation parameter \(\varepsilon\) in the theoretical model(at the confidence level anchored by \(d_{\text{sh}}^{(M87^*)}\), the parameter \(\varepsilon\) is confined to the interval \(-0.09 \lesssim \varepsilon \lesssim 0.19\). For \(d_{\text{sh}}^{(Sgr A^*)}\), the constraint on \(\varepsilon\) is delineated as \(-0.280 \lesssim \varepsilon \lesssim 0.047\)). The results show that within the observationally allowed range of \(\varepsilon\) (such as \([-0.04, 0.04]\)), the characteristics of the black hole exhibit specific regularities with changes in \(\varepsilon\).
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_21314
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Testing Extended Theories of Gravity via Black Hole Photon Rings
Yue, Qiao
Xu, Zhaoyi
Tang, Meirong
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
This research delves into the optical characteristics of stationary, spherically symmetric black holes. These black holes follow the Konoplya-Zhidenko deformation rule in arbitrary gravity theories. This research finds that the effects of \(a_2\) and \(b_2\) on photon orbital dynamics exhibit observational degeneracy, while \(\varepsilon\) significantly governs photon capture characteristics. As \(\varepsilon\) increases, the radius of the photon sphere \(r_{\text{ph}}\) and the critical impact parameter \(b_{\text{ph}}\), and the innermost stable circular orbit radius \(r_{\text{isco}}\) all increase. The event horizon \( r_{\text{h}} \) corresponds to that of the Schwarzschild black hole, while the impact parameter range for the lens and photon rings is reduced. Black hole shadow and photon ring analyses across three emission models show that increasing \(\varepsilon\) shifts the peak rightward while enlarging the photon ring radius. The closer \(\varepsilon\) is to zero, the more the results approach the Schwarzschild case, the more the results approach the Schwarzschild case. Additionally, by combining EHT observational data on the shadow diameters of M87 and Sgr A*, we imposed constraints on the correlation parameter \(\varepsilon\) in the theoretical model(at the confidence level anchored by \(d_{\text{sh}}^{(M87^*)}\), the parameter \(\varepsilon\) is confined to the interval \(-0.09 \lesssim \varepsilon \lesssim 0.19\). For \(d_{\text{sh}}^{(Sgr A^*)}\), the constraint on \(\varepsilon\) is delineated as \(-0.280 \lesssim \varepsilon \lesssim 0.047\)). The results show that within the observationally allowed range of \(\varepsilon\) (such as \([-0.04, 0.04]\)), the characteristics of the black hole exhibit specific regularities with changes in \(\varepsilon\).
title Testing Extended Theories of Gravity via Black Hole Photon Rings
topic General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.21314