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Main Authors: Bauer, Marianne, Bialek, William, Goddard, Chase, Holmes, Caroline M., Krishnamurthy, Kamesh, Palmer, Stephanie E., Pang, Rich, Schwab, David J., Susman, Lee
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23398
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author Bauer, Marianne
Bialek, William
Goddard, Chase
Holmes, Caroline M.
Krishnamurthy, Kamesh
Palmer, Stephanie E.
Pang, Rich
Schwab, David J.
Susman, Lee
author_facet Bauer, Marianne
Bialek, William
Goddard, Chase
Holmes, Caroline M.
Krishnamurthy, Kamesh
Palmer, Stephanie E.
Pang, Rich
Schwab, David J.
Susman, Lee
contents Many biological systems perform close to their physical limits, but promoting this optimality to a general principle seems to require implausibly fine tuning of parameters. Using examples from a wide range of systems, we show that this intuition is wrong. Near an optimum, functional performance depends on parameters in a "sloppy'' way, with some combinations of parameters being only weakly constrained. Absent any other constraints, this predicts that we should observe widely varying parameters, and we make this precise: the entropy in parameter space can be extensive even if performance on average is very close to optimal. This removes a major objection to optimization as a general principle, and rationalizes the observed variability.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_23398
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Optimization and variability can coexist
Bauer, Marianne
Bialek, William
Goddard, Chase
Holmes, Caroline M.
Krishnamurthy, Kamesh
Palmer, Stephanie E.
Pang, Rich
Schwab, David J.
Susman, Lee
Quantitative Methods
Disordered Systems and Neural Networks
Many biological systems perform close to their physical limits, but promoting this optimality to a general principle seems to require implausibly fine tuning of parameters. Using examples from a wide range of systems, we show that this intuition is wrong. Near an optimum, functional performance depends on parameters in a "sloppy'' way, with some combinations of parameters being only weakly constrained. Absent any other constraints, this predicts that we should observe widely varying parameters, and we make this precise: the entropy in parameter space can be extensive even if performance on average is very close to optimal. This removes a major objection to optimization as a general principle, and rationalizes the observed variability.
title Optimization and variability can coexist
topic Quantitative Methods
Disordered Systems and Neural Networks
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23398