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Main Authors: Ju, Harang, Kumar, Madhav, Valavi, Ehsan, Aral, Sinan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.24663
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author Ju, Harang
Kumar, Madhav
Valavi, Ehsan
Aral, Sinan
author_facet Ju, Harang
Kumar, Madhav
Valavi, Ehsan
Aral, Sinan
contents Decentralization is a fundamental design element of the Web3 economy. Blockchains and distributed consensus mechanisms are touted as fault-tolerant, attack-resistant, and collusion-proof because they are decentralized. Recent analyses, however, find some blockchains are decentralized, others are centralized, and that there are trends towards both centralization and decentralization in the blockchain economy. Despite the importance and variability of decentralization across blockchains, we still know little about what enables or constrains blockchain decentralization. We hypothesize that the resource flexibility of consensus mechanisms is a key enabler of the sustained decentralization of blockchain networks. We test this hypothesis using three quasi-experimental shocks -- policy-related, infrastructure-related, and technical -- to resources used in consensus. We find strong suggestive evidence that the resource flexibility of consensus mechanisms enables sustained blockchain decentralization and discuss the implications for the design, regulation, and implementation of blockchains.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2505_24663
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Explaining Sustained Blockchain Decentralization with Quasi-Experiments: The Resource Flexibility of Consensus Mechanisms
Ju, Harang
Kumar, Madhav
Valavi, Ehsan
Aral, Sinan
Networking and Internet Architecture
Decentralization is a fundamental design element of the Web3 economy. Blockchains and distributed consensus mechanisms are touted as fault-tolerant, attack-resistant, and collusion-proof because they are decentralized. Recent analyses, however, find some blockchains are decentralized, others are centralized, and that there are trends towards both centralization and decentralization in the blockchain economy. Despite the importance and variability of decentralization across blockchains, we still know little about what enables or constrains blockchain decentralization. We hypothesize that the resource flexibility of consensus mechanisms is a key enabler of the sustained decentralization of blockchain networks. We test this hypothesis using three quasi-experimental shocks -- policy-related, infrastructure-related, and technical -- to resources used in consensus. We find strong suggestive evidence that the resource flexibility of consensus mechanisms enables sustained blockchain decentralization and discuss the implications for the design, regulation, and implementation of blockchains.
title Explaining Sustained Blockchain Decentralization with Quasi-Experiments: The Resource Flexibility of Consensus Mechanisms
topic Networking and Internet Architecture
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.24663