Beam-Gas Interactions in the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Cross Section Measurements and Lifetime Modelling
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| _version_ | 1866916775629684736 |
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| author | Waagaard, E. Ukena, F. Olsen, J. Fernández, R. Alemany Somoza, J. Weber, G. |
| author_facet | Waagaard, E. Ukena, F. Olsen, J. Fernández, R. Alemany Somoza, J. Weber, G. |
| contents | The acceleration of high-intensity lead (Pb) beams for injection into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is limited by significant losses in the preceding CERN ion injector chain. A potential but largely uncharted source of losses are charge-changing beam interactions such as electron loss or capture with residual gas molecules. These effects potentially impede future ion candidate species requested by the LHC and the CERN fixed-target experiments. To predict the cross sections of charge-changing processes and the corresponding ion beam lifetimes, we present a numerical implementation combining semi-empirical electron capture and loss formulae from previous studies. We verify this numerical model with an experimental PS benchmarking campaign, measuring various beam projectile lifetimes during interactions with two in-ring gas targets (argon, helium). The target pressure profiles are reconstructed in detail from gauge measurements and vacuum simulations. At higher injected gas pressures, where beam-gas interactions dominate, measured lifetime trends and derived cross sections converge with model predictions within reported semi-empirical uncertainties, validating the package for predicting impacts on current and future ion species. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2506_02928 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Beam-Gas Interactions in the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Cross Section Measurements and Lifetime Modelling Waagaard, E. Ukena, F. Olsen, J. Fernández, R. Alemany Somoza, J. Weber, G. Accelerator Physics The acceleration of high-intensity lead (Pb) beams for injection into the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is limited by significant losses in the preceding CERN ion injector chain. A potential but largely uncharted source of losses are charge-changing beam interactions such as electron loss or capture with residual gas molecules. These effects potentially impede future ion candidate species requested by the LHC and the CERN fixed-target experiments. To predict the cross sections of charge-changing processes and the corresponding ion beam lifetimes, we present a numerical implementation combining semi-empirical electron capture and loss formulae from previous studies. We verify this numerical model with an experimental PS benchmarking campaign, measuring various beam projectile lifetimes during interactions with two in-ring gas targets (argon, helium). The target pressure profiles are reconstructed in detail from gauge measurements and vacuum simulations. At higher injected gas pressures, where beam-gas interactions dominate, measured lifetime trends and derived cross sections converge with model predictions within reported semi-empirical uncertainties, validating the package for predicting impacts on current and future ion species. |
| title | Beam-Gas Interactions in the CERN Proton Synchrotron: Cross Section Measurements and Lifetime Modelling |
| topic | Accelerator Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.02928 |