Characterization of the Hamamatsu R12699-406-M4 Photomultiplier Tube in Cold Xenon Environments
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Publié: |
2025
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| _version_ | 1866915646093131776 |
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| author | Adrover, M. Baudis, L. Bismark, A. Colijn, A. P. Cuenca-García, J. J. Decowski, M. P. Flierman, M. Hollander, T. den |
| author_facet | Adrover, M. Baudis, L. Bismark, A. Colijn, A. P. Cuenca-García, J. J. Decowski, M. P. Flierman, M. Hollander, T. den |
| contents | The Hamamatsu R12699-406-M2 is a $2\times2$ multi-anode 2-inch photomultiplier tube that offers a compact form factor, low intrinsic radioactivity, and high photocathode coverage. These characteristics make it a promising candidate for next-generation xenon-based direct detection dark matter experiments, such as XLZD and PandaX-xT. We present a detailed characterization of this photosensor operated in cold xenon environments, focusing on its single photoelectron response, dark count rate, light emission, and afterpulsing behavior. The device demonstrated a gain exceeding $2\cdot 10^6$ at the nominal voltage of -1.0 kV, along with a low dark count rate of $(0.4\pm0.2)\;\text{Hz/cm}^2$. Due to the compact design, afterpulses exhibited short delay times, resulting in some cases in an overlap with the light-induced signal. To evaluate its applicability in a realistic detector environment, two R12699-406-M2 units were deployed in a small-scale dual-phase xenon time projection chamber. The segmented $2\times2$ anode structure enabled lateral position reconstruction using a single photomultiplier tube, highlighting the potential of the sensor for effective event localization in future detectors. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2506_04844 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Characterization of the Hamamatsu R12699-406-M4 Photomultiplier Tube in Cold Xenon Environments Adrover, M. Baudis, L. Bismark, A. Colijn, A. P. Cuenca-García, J. J. Decowski, M. P. Flierman, M. Hollander, T. den Instrumentation and Detectors Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics The Hamamatsu R12699-406-M2 is a $2\times2$ multi-anode 2-inch photomultiplier tube that offers a compact form factor, low intrinsic radioactivity, and high photocathode coverage. These characteristics make it a promising candidate for next-generation xenon-based direct detection dark matter experiments, such as XLZD and PandaX-xT. We present a detailed characterization of this photosensor operated in cold xenon environments, focusing on its single photoelectron response, dark count rate, light emission, and afterpulsing behavior. The device demonstrated a gain exceeding $2\cdot 10^6$ at the nominal voltage of -1.0 kV, along with a low dark count rate of $(0.4\pm0.2)\;\text{Hz/cm}^2$. Due to the compact design, afterpulses exhibited short delay times, resulting in some cases in an overlap with the light-induced signal. To evaluate its applicability in a realistic detector environment, two R12699-406-M2 units were deployed in a small-scale dual-phase xenon time projection chamber. The segmented $2\times2$ anode structure enabled lateral position reconstruction using a single photomultiplier tube, highlighting the potential of the sensor for effective event localization in future detectors. |
| title | Characterization of the Hamamatsu R12699-406-M4 Photomultiplier Tube in Cold Xenon Environments |
| topic | Instrumentation and Detectors Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.04844 |