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FAUST XXVI. The dust opacity spectral indices of protostellar envelopes bridge the gap between interstellar medium and disks

Fuente: arXiv

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Autori principali:	Cacciapuoti, Luca, Testi, L., Maury, A. J., Chandler, C., Sakai, N., Ceccarelli, C., Codella, C., De Simone, M., Podio, L., Sabatini, G., Bianchi, E., Macias, E., Miotello, A., Toci, C., Loinard, L., Johnstone, D., Liu, H. B., Aikawa, Y., Shirley, Y., Svoboda, B., Sakai, T., Hirota, T., Viti, S., Lefloch, B., Oya, Y., Ohashi, S., Feng, S., Fontani, F., Watanabe, Y., Lopez-Sepulcre, A., Zhang, Y., Vastel, C., Segura-Cox, D., Pineda, J., Isella, A., Klessen, R. S., Hennebelle, P., Molinari, S., Yamamoto, S.
Natura:	Preprint
Pubblicazione:	2025
Soggetti:	Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies
Accesso online:	Acceder al recurso
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_version_	1866918126968373248
author	Cacciapuoti, Luca Testi, L. Maury, A. J. Chandler, C. Sakai, N. Ceccarelli, C. Codella, C. De Simone, M. Podio, L. Sabatini, G. Bianchi, E. Macias, E. Miotello, A. Toci, C. Loinard, L. Johnstone, D. Liu, H. B. Aikawa, Y. Shirley, Y. Svoboda, B. Sakai, T. Hirota, T. Viti, S. Lefloch, B. Oya, Y. Ohashi, S. Feng, S. Fontani, F. Watanabe, Y. Lopez-Sepulcre, A. Zhang, Y. Vastel, C. Segura-Cox, D. Pineda, J. Isella, A. Klessen, R. S. Hennebelle, P. Molinari, S. Yamamoto, S.
author_facet	Cacciapuoti, Luca Testi, L. Maury, A. J. Chandler, C. Sakai, N. Ceccarelli, C. Codella, C. De Simone, M. Podio, L. Sabatini, G. Bianchi, E. Macias, E. Miotello, A. Toci, C. Loinard, L. Johnstone, D. Liu, H. B. Aikawa, Y. Shirley, Y. Svoboda, B. Sakai, T. Hirota, T. Viti, S. Lefloch, B. Oya, Y. Ohashi, S. Feng, S. Fontani, F. Watanabe, Y. Lopez-Sepulcre, A. Zhang, Y. Vastel, C. Segura-Cox, D. Pineda, J. Isella, A. Klessen, R. S. Hennebelle, P. Molinari, S. Yamamoto, S.
contents	The sub-millimetre dust opacity spectral index is a critical observable to constrain dust properties, such as the maximum grain size of an observed dust population. It has been widely measured at galactic scales and down to protoplanetary disks. However, because of observational and analytical challenges, quite a gap exists in measuring dust properties in the envelopes that feed newborn protostars and their disks. To fill this gap, we use sensitive dust continuum emission data at 1.2 and 3.1 mm from the ALMA FAUST Large Program and constrain the dust opacity millimetre spectral index around a sample of protostars. Our high-resolution data, along with a more refined methodology with respect to past efforts, allow us to disentangle disk and envelope contributions in the uv-plane, and thus measure spectral indices for the envelopes uncontaminated by the optically thick emission of the inner regions. First, we find that the young disks are small and optically thick. Secondly, we measure the dust opacity spectral index at envelope scales for n=11 sources: the beta of n=9 sources had never been constrained in the literature. We effectively double the number of sources for which the dust opacity spectral index beta has been measured at these scales. Third, combining the available literature measurements with our own (total n=18), we show how envelope spectral indices distribute between ISM-like and disk-like values, bridging the gap in the inferred dust evolution. Finally, we statistically confirm a significant correlation between beta and the mass of protostellar envelopes, previously suggested in the literature. Our findings indicate that the dust optical properties smoothly vary from the ISM, through envelopes and all the way down to disks. Multi-wavelength surveys are needed to further this study and make more general claims on dust evolution in its pathway from cloud to disks.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2506_06865
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2025
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	FAUST XXVI. The dust opacity spectral indices of protostellar envelopes bridge the gap between interstellar medium and disks Cacciapuoti, Luca Testi, L. Maury, A. J. Chandler, C. Sakai, N. Ceccarelli, C. Codella, C. De Simone, M. Podio, L. Sabatini, G. Bianchi, E. Macias, E. Miotello, A. Toci, C. Loinard, L. Johnstone, D. Liu, H. B. Aikawa, Y. Shirley, Y. Svoboda, B. Sakai, T. Hirota, T. Viti, S. Lefloch, B. Oya, Y. Ohashi, S. Feng, S. Fontani, F. Watanabe, Y. Lopez-Sepulcre, A. Zhang, Y. Vastel, C. Segura-Cox, D. Pineda, J. Isella, A. Klessen, R. S. Hennebelle, P. Molinari, S. Yamamoto, S. Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies The sub-millimetre dust opacity spectral index is a critical observable to constrain dust properties, such as the maximum grain size of an observed dust population. It has been widely measured at galactic scales and down to protoplanetary disks. However, because of observational and analytical challenges, quite a gap exists in measuring dust properties in the envelopes that feed newborn protostars and their disks. To fill this gap, we use sensitive dust continuum emission data at 1.2 and 3.1 mm from the ALMA FAUST Large Program and constrain the dust opacity millimetre spectral index around a sample of protostars. Our high-resolution data, along with a more refined methodology with respect to past efforts, allow us to disentangle disk and envelope contributions in the uv-plane, and thus measure spectral indices for the envelopes uncontaminated by the optically thick emission of the inner regions. First, we find that the young disks are small and optically thick. Secondly, we measure the dust opacity spectral index at envelope scales for n=11 sources: the beta of n=9 sources had never been constrained in the literature. We effectively double the number of sources for which the dust opacity spectral index beta has been measured at these scales. Third, combining the available literature measurements with our own (total n=18), we show how envelope spectral indices distribute between ISM-like and disk-like values, bridging the gap in the inferred dust evolution. Finally, we statistically confirm a significant correlation between beta and the mass of protostellar envelopes, previously suggested in the literature. Our findings indicate that the dust optical properties smoothly vary from the ISM, through envelopes and all the way down to disks. Multi-wavelength surveys are needed to further this study and make more general claims on dust evolution in its pathway from cloud to disks.
title	FAUST XXVI. The dust opacity spectral indices of protostellar envelopes bridge the gap between interstellar medium and disks
topic	Solar and Stellar Astrophysics Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Astrophysics of Galaxies
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.06865