Proton Gravitational Structure and Mass Decomposition on the Light Front
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arXiv
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| Autores principales: | , , , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
| Publicado: |
2025
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| _version_ | 1866909643262918656 |
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| author | Nair, Sreeraj Mondal, Chandan Xu, Siqi Zhao, Xingbo Vary, James P. |
| author_facet | Nair, Sreeraj Mondal, Chandan Xu, Siqi Zhao, Xingbo Vary, James P. |
| contents | Gravitational form factors (GFFs) of hadrons encode essential information about the internal distributions of mass, spin, pressure, and shear among their quark and gluon constituents. We compute the quark and gluon GFFs of the proton using a fully relativistic, nonperturbative framework based on a light-front quantized Hamiltonian with quantum chromodynamics (QCD) input. This allows us to quantify the impact of a dynamical gluon on the proton's mechanical properties, such as pressure and shear distributions. Our predictions agree well with recent lattice QCD results and experimental extractions. We also determine the proton's mass and mechanical radii and address the long-standing puzzle of its mass decomposition. At the scale $μ^2 = 4~\mathrm{GeV}^2$, we find that quark energy, gluon field energy, the quark condensate, and the QCD trace anomaly contribute $31.5\%$, $34.7\%$, $11.3\%$, and $22.5\%$, respectively, which are consistent with lattice QCD findings. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2506_07554 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Proton Gravitational Structure and Mass Decomposition on the Light Front Nair, Sreeraj Mondal, Chandan Xu, Siqi Zhao, Xingbo Vary, James P. High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Gravitational form factors (GFFs) of hadrons encode essential information about the internal distributions of mass, spin, pressure, and shear among their quark and gluon constituents. We compute the quark and gluon GFFs of the proton using a fully relativistic, nonperturbative framework based on a light-front quantized Hamiltonian with quantum chromodynamics (QCD) input. This allows us to quantify the impact of a dynamical gluon on the proton's mechanical properties, such as pressure and shear distributions. Our predictions agree well with recent lattice QCD results and experimental extractions. We also determine the proton's mass and mechanical radii and address the long-standing puzzle of its mass decomposition. At the scale $μ^2 = 4~\mathrm{GeV}^2$, we find that quark energy, gluon field energy, the quark condensate, and the QCD trace anomaly contribute $31.5\%$, $34.7\%$, $11.3\%$, and $22.5\%$, respectively, which are consistent with lattice QCD findings. |
| title | Proton Gravitational Structure and Mass Decomposition on the Light Front |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.07554 |