Gravitational waves from b-EMRIs: Doppler shift and beaming, resonant excitation, helicity oscillations and self-lensing

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Main Authors: Santos, João S., Cardoso, Vitor, Natário, José, van de Meent, Maarten
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Santos, João S.
Cardoso, Vitor
Natário, José
van de Meent, Maarten
author_facet Santos, João S.
Cardoso, Vitor
Natário, José
van de Meent, Maarten
contents We study gravitational waves from a stellar-mass binary orbiting a spinning supermassive black hole, a system referred to as a binary extreme mass ratio inspiral (b-EMRI). We use Dixon's formalism to describe the stellar-mass binary as a particle with internal structure, and keep terms up to quadrupole order to capture the generation of gravitational waves by the inner motion of the stellar-mass binary. The problem of emission and propagation of waves is treated from first principles using black hole perturbation theory. In the gravitational waveform at future null infinity, we identify for the first time Doppler shifts and beaming due to the motion of the center of mass, as well as helicity breaking gravitational lensing, and resonances with ringdown modes of the supermassive black hole. We establish that previously proposed phenomenological models inadequately capture these effects.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2506_14868
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Gravitational waves from b-EMRIs: Doppler shift and beaming, resonant excitation, helicity oscillations and self-lensing
Santos, João S.
Cardoso, Vitor
Natário, José
van de Meent, Maarten
General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Classical Physics
We study gravitational waves from a stellar-mass binary orbiting a spinning supermassive black hole, a system referred to as a binary extreme mass ratio inspiral (b-EMRI). We use Dixon's formalism to describe the stellar-mass binary as a particle with internal structure, and keep terms up to quadrupole order to capture the generation of gravitational waves by the inner motion of the stellar-mass binary. The problem of emission and propagation of waves is treated from first principles using black hole perturbation theory. In the gravitational waveform at future null infinity, we identify for the first time Doppler shifts and beaming due to the motion of the center of mass, as well as helicity breaking gravitational lensing, and resonances with ringdown modes of the supermassive black hole. We establish that previously proposed phenomenological models inadequately capture these effects.
title Gravitational waves from b-EMRIs: Doppler shift and beaming, resonant excitation, helicity oscillations and self-lensing
topic General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Classical Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.14868