The Average Soft X-ray Spectra of eROSITA Active Galactic Nuclei
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Chen, Shi-Jiang Buchner, Johannes Liu, Teng Hagen, Scott Waddell, Sophia G. H. Nandra, Kirpal Salvato, Mara Igo, Zsofi Aydar, Catarina Merloni, Andrea Ni, Qingling Kang, Jia-Lai Cai, Zhen-Yi Wang, Jun-Xian Li, Ruancun Ramos-Ceja, Miriam E. Sanders, Jeremy Georgakakis, Antonis Zhang, Yi |
| author_facet | Chen, Shi-Jiang Buchner, Johannes Liu, Teng Hagen, Scott Waddell, Sophia G. H. Nandra, Kirpal Salvato, Mara Igo, Zsofi Aydar, Catarina Merloni, Andrea Ni, Qingling Kang, Jia-Lai Cai, Zhen-Yi Wang, Jun-Xian Li, Ruancun Ramos-Ceja, Miriam E. Sanders, Jeremy Georgakakis, Antonis Zhang, Yi |
| contents | Context. AGNs are strong X-ray emitters shaped by disk-corona interactions. The soft excess (0.5-2.0 keV) reveals key information about the "warm corona" bridging the disk and hot corona. Yet, how this feature evolves with accretion properties remains poorly constrained, especially in large samples using spectral stacking. Aims. The eROSITA All-Sky Survey (eRASS:5) provides an unprecedented sample. We investigate how the average AGN X-ray spectra evolve with accretion parameters, and explore disk-corona connection by further combining stacked UV data. Methods. We developed Xstack, a novel tool that stacks rest-frame X-ray spectra and responses while preserving spectral shape through optimized weighting. We stack 17929 AGNs ("spec-z" sample, 23 Ms) with similar X-ray loudness alpha_ox, UV luminosity L_UV, and 4159 AGNs ("BH-mass" sample, 3 Ms) with similar Eddington ratio lambda_Edd and black hole mass M_BH. The resulting stacked X-ray spectra are analyzed with a phenomenological model. We further fit the stacked optical-UV-Xray SED with AGNSED model. Results. Soft excess strengthens strongly with alpha_ox and lambda_Edd (~5), while the hard X-ray spectral shape remains largely unchanged, supporting that soft excess is dominated by warm corona rather than reflection. AGNSED modeling reveals that warm corona radius (R_g units) generally increases with lambda_Edd and decreases with M_BH, or equivalently the disk-to-warm-corona transition consistently occurs near 1e4 K. The hot corona contracts with lambda_Edd and is unaffected by M_BH, aligning with disk evaporation predictions. Conclusions. The soft excess likely originates from a warm corona, with the disk to warm corona transition tied to hydrogen ionization near 1e4 K - supporting earlier eFEDS-HSC stacking results (Hagen et al. 2024). This study shows the strength of spectral stacking in probing AGN disk-corona physics. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2506_17150 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | The Average Soft X-ray Spectra of eROSITA Active Galactic Nuclei Chen, Shi-Jiang Buchner, Johannes Liu, Teng Hagen, Scott Waddell, Sophia G. H. Nandra, Kirpal Salvato, Mara Igo, Zsofi Aydar, Catarina Merloni, Andrea Ni, Qingling Kang, Jia-Lai Cai, Zhen-Yi Wang, Jun-Xian Li, Ruancun Ramos-Ceja, Miriam E. Sanders, Jeremy Georgakakis, Antonis Zhang, Yi High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena Context. AGNs are strong X-ray emitters shaped by disk-corona interactions. The soft excess (0.5-2.0 keV) reveals key information about the "warm corona" bridging the disk and hot corona. Yet, how this feature evolves with accretion properties remains poorly constrained, especially in large samples using spectral stacking. Aims. The eROSITA All-Sky Survey (eRASS:5) provides an unprecedented sample. We investigate how the average AGN X-ray spectra evolve with accretion parameters, and explore disk-corona connection by further combining stacked UV data. Methods. We developed Xstack, a novel tool that stacks rest-frame X-ray spectra and responses while preserving spectral shape through optimized weighting. We stack 17929 AGNs ("spec-z" sample, 23 Ms) with similar X-ray loudness alpha_ox, UV luminosity L_UV, and 4159 AGNs ("BH-mass" sample, 3 Ms) with similar Eddington ratio lambda_Edd and black hole mass M_BH. The resulting stacked X-ray spectra are analyzed with a phenomenological model. We further fit the stacked optical-UV-Xray SED with AGNSED model. Results. Soft excess strengthens strongly with alpha_ox and lambda_Edd (~5), while the hard X-ray spectral shape remains largely unchanged, supporting that soft excess is dominated by warm corona rather than reflection. AGNSED modeling reveals that warm corona radius (R_g units) generally increases with lambda_Edd and decreases with M_BH, or equivalently the disk-to-warm-corona transition consistently occurs near 1e4 K. The hot corona contracts with lambda_Edd and is unaffected by M_BH, aligning with disk evaporation predictions. Conclusions. The soft excess likely originates from a warm corona, with the disk to warm corona transition tied to hydrogen ionization near 1e4 K - supporting earlier eFEDS-HSC stacking results (Hagen et al. 2024). This study shows the strength of spectral stacking in probing AGN disk-corona physics. |
| title | The Average Soft X-ray Spectra of eROSITA Active Galactic Nuclei |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17150 |