Pattern formation Statistics on Fermat Quotients

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Cobeli, Cristian, Zaharescu, Alexandru, Zhang, Zhuo
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Cobeli, Cristian
Zaharescu, Alexandru
Zhang, Zhuo
author_facet Cobeli, Cristian
Zaharescu, Alexandru
Zhang, Zhuo
contents Despite their simple definition as $\mathfrak{q}_p(b):=\frac{b^{p-1}-1}{p} \pmod p$, for $0\le b \le p^2-1$ and $\gcd(b,p)=1$, and their regular arrangement in a $p\times(p-1)$ Fermat quotient matrix $\mathtt{FQM}(p)$ of integers from $[0,p-1]$, Fermat quotients modulo $p$ are well known for their overall lack of regularity. Here, we discuss this contrasting effect by proving that, on the one hand, any line of the matrix behaves like an analogue of a randomly distributed sequence of numbers, and on the other hand, the spatial statistics of distances on regular $N$-patterns confirm the natural expectations.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2506_17684
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Pattern formation Statistics on Fermat Quotients
Cobeli, Cristian
Zaharescu, Alexandru
Zhang, Zhuo
Number Theory
Primary 11B99, Secondary 11A07
Despite their simple definition as $\mathfrak{q}_p(b):=\frac{b^{p-1}-1}{p} \pmod p$, for $0\le b \le p^2-1$ and $\gcd(b,p)=1$, and their regular arrangement in a $p\times(p-1)$ Fermat quotient matrix $\mathtt{FQM}(p)$ of integers from $[0,p-1]$, Fermat quotients modulo $p$ are well known for their overall lack of regularity. Here, we discuss this contrasting effect by proving that, on the one hand, any line of the matrix behaves like an analogue of a randomly distributed sequence of numbers, and on the other hand, the spatial statistics of distances on regular $N$-patterns confirm the natural expectations.
title Pattern formation Statistics on Fermat Quotients
topic Number Theory
Primary 11B99, Secondary 11A07
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.17684