Cybersecurity AI: The Dangerous Gap Between Automation and Autonomy

Fuente: arXiv
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1. Verfasser: Mayoral-Vilches, Víctor
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2025
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author Mayoral-Vilches, Víctor
author_facet Mayoral-Vilches, Víctor
contents The cybersecurity industry combines "automated" and "autonomous" AI, creating dangerous misconceptions about system capabilities. Recent milestones like XBOW topping HackerOne's leaderboard showcase impressive progress, yet these systems remain fundamentally semi-autonomous--requiring human oversight. Drawing from robotics principles, where the distinction between automation and autonomy is well-established, I take inspiration from prior work and establish a 6-level taxonomy (Level 0-5) distinguishing automation from autonomy in Cybersecurity AI. Current "autonomous" pentesters operate at Level 3-4: they execute complex attack sequences but need human review for edge cases and strategic decisions. True Level 5 autonomy remains aspirational. Organizations deploying mischaracterized "autonomous" tools risk reducing oversight precisely when it's most needed, potentially creating new vulnerabilities. The path forward requires precise terminology, transparent capabilities disclosure, and human-AI partnership-not replacement.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2506_23592
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Cybersecurity AI: The Dangerous Gap Between Automation and Autonomy
Mayoral-Vilches, Víctor
Cryptography and Security
The cybersecurity industry combines "automated" and "autonomous" AI, creating dangerous misconceptions about system capabilities. Recent milestones like XBOW topping HackerOne's leaderboard showcase impressive progress, yet these systems remain fundamentally semi-autonomous--requiring human oversight. Drawing from robotics principles, where the distinction between automation and autonomy is well-established, I take inspiration from prior work and establish a 6-level taxonomy (Level 0-5) distinguishing automation from autonomy in Cybersecurity AI. Current "autonomous" pentesters operate at Level 3-4: they execute complex attack sequences but need human review for edge cases and strategic decisions. True Level 5 autonomy remains aspirational. Organizations deploying mischaracterized "autonomous" tools risk reducing oversight precisely when it's most needed, potentially creating new vulnerabilities. The path forward requires precise terminology, transparent capabilities disclosure, and human-AI partnership-not replacement.
title Cybersecurity AI: The Dangerous Gap Between Automation and Autonomy
topic Cryptography and Security
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.23592