$σ$-Maximal Ancestral Graphs

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Yao, Binghua, Mooij, Joris M.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Yao, Binghua
Mooij, Joris M.
author_facet Yao, Binghua
Mooij, Joris M.
contents Maximal Ancestral Graphs (MAGs) provide an abstract representation of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) with latent (selection) variables. These graphical objects encode information about ancestral relations and d-separations of the DAGs they represent. This abstract representation has been used amongst others to prove the soundness and completeness of the FCI algorithm for causal discovery, and to derive a do-calculus for its output. One significant inherent limitation of MAGs is that they rule out the possibility of cyclic causal relationships. In this work, we address that limitation. We introduce and study a class of graphical objects that we coin ''$σ$-Maximal Ancestral Graphs'' (''$σ$-MAGs''). We show how these graphs provide an abstract representation of (possibly cyclic) Directed Graphs (DGs) with latent (selection) variables, analogously to how MAGs represent DAGs. We study the properties of these objects and provide a characterization of their Markov equivalence classes.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_00093
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle $σ$-Maximal Ancestral Graphs
Yao, Binghua
Mooij, Joris M.
Discrete Mathematics
Artificial Intelligence
Data Structures and Algorithms
Statistics Theory
Maximal Ancestral Graphs (MAGs) provide an abstract representation of Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) with latent (selection) variables. These graphical objects encode information about ancestral relations and d-separations of the DAGs they represent. This abstract representation has been used amongst others to prove the soundness and completeness of the FCI algorithm for causal discovery, and to derive a do-calculus for its output. One significant inherent limitation of MAGs is that they rule out the possibility of cyclic causal relationships. In this work, we address that limitation. We introduce and study a class of graphical objects that we coin ''$σ$-Maximal Ancestral Graphs'' (''$σ$-MAGs''). We show how these graphs provide an abstract representation of (possibly cyclic) Directed Graphs (DGs) with latent (selection) variables, analogously to how MAGs represent DAGs. We study the properties of these objects and provide a characterization of their Markov equivalence classes.
title $σ$-Maximal Ancestral Graphs
topic Discrete Mathematics
Artificial Intelligence
Data Structures and Algorithms
Statistics Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.00093