LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA neutron star merger candidate S250206dm: Zwicky Transient Facility observations

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Ahumada, Tomás, Anand, Shreya, Bulla, Mattia, Gupta, Vaidehi, Kasliwal, Mansi, Stein, Robert, Karambelkar, Viraj, Bellm, Eric C., Laz, Theophile Jegou du, Coughlin, Michael W., Andreoni, Igor, Banerjee, Smaranika, Bochenek, Aleksandra, Hinds, K-Ryan, Hu, Lei, Palmese, Antonella, Perley, Daniel, Pletskova, Natalya, Salgundi, Anirudh, Singh, Avinash, Sollerman, Jesper, Swain, Vishwajeet, Wold, Avery, Bhalerao, Varun, Cenko, S. Bradley, Cook, David O., Copperwheat, Chris, Graham, Matthew, Kaplan, David L., Singer, Leo P., Sravan, Niharika, Busmann, Malte, Gassert, Julius, Gruen, Daniel, Sommer, Julian, Zhang, Yajie, Amsellem, Ariel, Cabrera, Tomás, Hall, Xander J., Kunnumkai, Keerthi, O'Connor, Brendan, Barna, Tyler, Nunes, Felipe Fontinele, Toivonen, Andrew, Sasli, Argyro, Masci, Frank J., Chen, Tracy X., Dekany, Richard, Purdum, Josiah, Le-Calloch, Antoine, Anupama, G. C., Barway, Sudhanshu
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2025
Subjects:	High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Online Access:	Acceder al recurso
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_version_	1866913920048955392
author	Ahumada, Tomás Anand, Shreya Bulla, Mattia Gupta, Vaidehi Kasliwal, Mansi Stein, Robert Karambelkar, Viraj Bellm, Eric C. Laz, Theophile Jegou du Coughlin, Michael W. Andreoni, Igor Banerjee, Smaranika Bochenek, Aleksandra Hinds, K-Ryan Hu, Lei Palmese, Antonella Perley, Daniel Pletskova, Natalya Salgundi, Anirudh Singh, Avinash Sollerman, Jesper Swain, Vishwajeet Wold, Avery Bhalerao, Varun Cenko, S. Bradley Cook, David O. Copperwheat, Chris Graham, Matthew Kaplan, David L. Singer, Leo P. Sravan, Niharika Busmann, Malte Gassert, Julius Gruen, Daniel Sommer, Julian Zhang, Yajie Amsellem, Ariel Cabrera, Tomás Hall, Xander J. Kunnumkai, Keerthi O'Connor, Brendan Barna, Tyler Nunes, Felipe Fontinele Toivonen, Andrew Sasli, Argyro Masci, Frank J. Chen, Tracy X. Dekany, Richard Purdum, Josiah Le-Calloch, Antoine Anupama, G. C. Barway, Sudhanshu
author_facet	Ahumada, Tomás Anand, Shreya Bulla, Mattia Gupta, Vaidehi Kasliwal, Mansi Stein, Robert Karambelkar, Viraj Bellm, Eric C. Laz, Theophile Jegou du Coughlin, Michael W. Andreoni, Igor Banerjee, Smaranika Bochenek, Aleksandra Hinds, K-Ryan Hu, Lei Palmese, Antonella Perley, Daniel Pletskova, Natalya Salgundi, Anirudh Singh, Avinash Sollerman, Jesper Swain, Vishwajeet Wold, Avery Bhalerao, Varun Cenko, S. Bradley Cook, David O. Copperwheat, Chris Graham, Matthew Kaplan, David L. Singer, Leo P. Sravan, Niharika Busmann, Malte Gassert, Julius Gruen, Daniel Sommer, Julian Zhang, Yajie Amsellem, Ariel Cabrera, Tomás Hall, Xander J. Kunnumkai, Keerthi O'Connor, Brendan Barna, Tyler Nunes, Felipe Fontinele Toivonen, Andrew Sasli, Argyro Masci, Frank J. Chen, Tracy X. Dekany, Richard Purdum, Josiah Le-Calloch, Antoine Anupama, G. C. Barway, Sudhanshu
contents	We present the searches conducted with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) in response to S250206dm, a bona fide event with a false alarm rate of one in 25 years, detected by the International Gravitational Wave Network (IGWN). Although the event is significant, the nature of the compact objects involved remains unclear, with at least one likely neutron star. ZTF covered 68% of the localization region, though we did not identify any likely optical counterpart. We describe the ZTF strategy, potential candidates, and the observations that helped rule out candidates, including sources circulated by other collaborations. Similar to Ahumada et al. 2024, we perform a frequentist analysis, using simsurvey, as well as Bayesian analysis, using nimbus, to quantify the efficiency of our searches. We find that, given the nominal distance to this event of 373$\pm$104 Mpc, our efficiencies are above 10% for KNe brighter than $-17.5$ absolute magnitude. Assuming the optical counterpart known as kilonova (KN) lies within the ZTF footprint, our limits constrain the brightest end of the KN parameter space. Through dedicated radiative transfer simulations of KNe from binary neutron star (BNS) and black hole-neutron star (BHNS) mergers, we exclude parts of the BNS KN parameter space. Up to 35% of the models with high wind ejecta mass ($M_{\rm wind} \approx 0.13$ M$_{\odot}$) are ruled out when viewed face-on ($\cosθ_{\rm obs} = 1.0$). Finally, we present a joint analysis using the combined coverage from ZTF and the Gravitational Wave Multimessenger Dark Energy Camera Survey (GW-MMADS). The joint observations cover 73% of the localization region, and the combined efficiency has a stronger impact on rising and slowly fading models, allowing us to rule out 55% of the high-mass KN models viewed face-on.
format	Preprint
id	arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_00357
institution	arXiv
publishDate	2025
record_format	arxiv
spellingShingle	LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA neutron star merger candidate S250206dm: Zwicky Transient Facility observations Ahumada, Tomás Anand, Shreya Bulla, Mattia Gupta, Vaidehi Kasliwal, Mansi Stein, Robert Karambelkar, Viraj Bellm, Eric C. Laz, Theophile Jegou du Coughlin, Michael W. Andreoni, Igor Banerjee, Smaranika Bochenek, Aleksandra Hinds, K-Ryan Hu, Lei Palmese, Antonella Perley, Daniel Pletskova, Natalya Salgundi, Anirudh Singh, Avinash Sollerman, Jesper Swain, Vishwajeet Wold, Avery Bhalerao, Varun Cenko, S. Bradley Cook, David O. Copperwheat, Chris Graham, Matthew Kaplan, David L. Singer, Leo P. Sravan, Niharika Busmann, Malte Gassert, Julius Gruen, Daniel Sommer, Julian Zhang, Yajie Amsellem, Ariel Cabrera, Tomás Hall, Xander J. Kunnumkai, Keerthi O'Connor, Brendan Barna, Tyler Nunes, Felipe Fontinele Toivonen, Andrew Sasli, Argyro Masci, Frank J. Chen, Tracy X. Dekany, Richard Purdum, Josiah Le-Calloch, Antoine Anupama, G. C. Barway, Sudhanshu High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena We present the searches conducted with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) in response to S250206dm, a bona fide event with a false alarm rate of one in 25 years, detected by the International Gravitational Wave Network (IGWN). Although the event is significant, the nature of the compact objects involved remains unclear, with at least one likely neutron star. ZTF covered 68% of the localization region, though we did not identify any likely optical counterpart. We describe the ZTF strategy, potential candidates, and the observations that helped rule out candidates, including sources circulated by other collaborations. Similar to Ahumada et al. 2024, we perform a frequentist analysis, using simsurvey, as well as Bayesian analysis, using nimbus, to quantify the efficiency of our searches. We find that, given the nominal distance to this event of 373$\pm$104 Mpc, our efficiencies are above 10% for KNe brighter than $-17.5$ absolute magnitude. Assuming the optical counterpart known as kilonova (KN) lies within the ZTF footprint, our limits constrain the brightest end of the KN parameter space. Through dedicated radiative transfer simulations of KNe from binary neutron star (BNS) and black hole-neutron star (BHNS) mergers, we exclude parts of the BNS KN parameter space. Up to 35% of the models with high wind ejecta mass ($M_{\rm wind} \approx 0.13$ M$_{\odot}$) are ruled out when viewed face-on ($\cosθ_{\rm obs} = 1.0$). Finally, we present a joint analysis using the combined coverage from ZTF and the Gravitational Wave Multimessenger Dark Energy Camera Survey (GW-MMADS). The joint observations cover 73% of the localization region, and the combined efficiency has a stronger impact on rising and slowly fading models, allowing us to rule out 55% of the high-mass KN models viewed face-on.
title	LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA neutron star merger candidate S250206dm: Zwicky Transient Facility observations
topic	High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
url	https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.00357