A Comparative Study of Competency Question Elicitation Methods from Ontology Requirements

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Main Authors: Alharbi, Reham, Tamma, Valentina, Payne, Terry R., de Berardinis, Jacopo
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Alharbi, Reham
Tamma, Valentina
Payne, Terry R.
de Berardinis, Jacopo
author_facet Alharbi, Reham
Tamma, Valentina
Payne, Terry R.
de Berardinis, Jacopo
contents Competency Questions (CQs) are pivotal in knowledge engineering, guiding the design, validation, and testing of ontologies. A number of diverse formulation approaches have been proposed in the literature, ranging from completely manual to Large Language Model (LLM) driven ones. However, attempts to characterise the outputs of these approaches and their systematic comparison are scarce. This paper presents an empirical comparative evaluation of three distinct CQ formulation approaches: manual formulation by ontology engineers, instantiation of CQ patterns, and generation using state of the art LLMs. We generate CQs using each approach from a set of requirements for cultural heritage, and assess them across different dimensions: degree of acceptability, ambiguity, relevance, readability and complexity. Our contribution is twofold: (i) the first multi-annotator dataset of CQs generated from the same source using different methods; and (ii) a systematic comparison of the characteristics of the CQs resulting from each approach. Our study shows that different CQ generation approaches have different characteristics and that LLMs can be used as a way to initially elicit CQs, however these are sensitive to the model used to generate CQs and they generally require a further refinement step before they can be used to model requirements.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_02989
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Comparative Study of Competency Question Elicitation Methods from Ontology Requirements
Alharbi, Reham
Tamma, Valentina
Payne, Terry R.
de Berardinis, Jacopo
Computation and Language
Competency Questions (CQs) are pivotal in knowledge engineering, guiding the design, validation, and testing of ontologies. A number of diverse formulation approaches have been proposed in the literature, ranging from completely manual to Large Language Model (LLM) driven ones. However, attempts to characterise the outputs of these approaches and their systematic comparison are scarce. This paper presents an empirical comparative evaluation of three distinct CQ formulation approaches: manual formulation by ontology engineers, instantiation of CQ patterns, and generation using state of the art LLMs. We generate CQs using each approach from a set of requirements for cultural heritage, and assess them across different dimensions: degree of acceptability, ambiguity, relevance, readability and complexity. Our contribution is twofold: (i) the first multi-annotator dataset of CQs generated from the same source using different methods; and (ii) a systematic comparison of the characteristics of the CQs resulting from each approach. Our study shows that different CQ generation approaches have different characteristics and that LLMs can be used as a way to initially elicit CQs, however these are sensitive to the model used to generate CQs and they generally require a further refinement step before they can be used to model requirements.
title A Comparative Study of Competency Question Elicitation Methods from Ontology Requirements
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.02989