Causal Evidence for the Primordiality of Colors in Trans-Neptunian Objects

Fuente: arXiv
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Auteurs principaux: Davis, Benjamin L., Ali-Dib, Mohamad, Zheng, Yujia, Jin, Zehao, Zhang, Kun, Macciò, Andrea Valerio
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2025
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author Davis, Benjamin L.
Ali-Dib, Mohamad
Zheng, Yujia
Jin, Zehao
Zhang, Kun
Macciò, Andrea Valerio
author_facet Davis, Benjamin L.
Ali-Dib, Mohamad
Zheng, Yujia
Jin, Zehao
Zhang, Kun
Macciò, Andrea Valerio
contents The origins of the colors of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) represent a crucial unresolved question, central to understanding the history of our Solar System. Recent observational surveys have revealed correlations between the eccentricity and inclination of TNOs and their colors. This has rekindled the long-standing debate on whether these colors reflect the conditions of TNO formation or their subsequent collisional evolution. In this study, we address this question with 98.7% certainty, using a model-agnostic, data-driven approach based on causal graphs. First, as a sanity check, we demonstrate how our model can replicate the currently accepted paradigms of TNOs' dynamical history, blindly and without any orbital modeling or physics-based assumptions. In fact, our causal model (with no knowledge of the existence of Neptune) predicts the existence of an unknown perturbing body, i.e., Neptune. We then show how this model predicts, with high certainty, that the color of TNOs is the root cause of their inclination distribution, rather than the other way around. This strongly suggests that the colors of TNOs reflect an underlying dynamical property, most likely their formation location. Moreover, our causal model excludes formation scenarios that invoke substantial color modification by subsequent irradiation. We therefore conclude that the colors of TNOs are predominantly primordial.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_03760
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Causal Evidence for the Primordiality of Colors in Trans-Neptunian Objects
Davis, Benjamin L.
Ali-Dib, Mohamad
Zheng, Yujia
Jin, Zehao
Zhang, Kun
Macciò, Andrea Valerio
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Machine Learning
The origins of the colors of Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) represent a crucial unresolved question, central to understanding the history of our Solar System. Recent observational surveys have revealed correlations between the eccentricity and inclination of TNOs and their colors. This has rekindled the long-standing debate on whether these colors reflect the conditions of TNO formation or their subsequent collisional evolution. In this study, we address this question with 98.7% certainty, using a model-agnostic, data-driven approach based on causal graphs. First, as a sanity check, we demonstrate how our model can replicate the currently accepted paradigms of TNOs' dynamical history, blindly and without any orbital modeling or physics-based assumptions. In fact, our causal model (with no knowledge of the existence of Neptune) predicts the existence of an unknown perturbing body, i.e., Neptune. We then show how this model predicts, with high certainty, that the color of TNOs is the root cause of their inclination distribution, rather than the other way around. This strongly suggests that the colors of TNOs reflect an underlying dynamical property, most likely their formation location. Moreover, our causal model excludes formation scenarios that invoke substantial color modification by subsequent irradiation. We therefore conclude that the colors of TNOs are predominantly primordial.
title Causal Evidence for the Primordiality of Colors in Trans-Neptunian Objects
topic Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.03760