Thermodynamic Analysis of Transverse Momentum Spectra in Pb-Pb Collisions at 2.76 TeV: Centrality Dependence of Temperature, Freezeout Parameters and Non-Extensitivity
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Waqas, M. Khan, Hassan Ali Bietenholz, Wolfgang Ajaz, Muhammad Slimane, Jihane Ben Alrebdi, Haifa I. Ismail, A. Haj |
| author_facet | Waqas, M. Khan, Hassan Ali Bietenholz, Wolfgang Ajaz, Muhammad Slimane, Jihane Ben Alrebdi, Haifa I. Ismail, A. Haj |
| contents | We study properties of Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV in mid-rapidity, $|y|<0.5$, based on data by the ALICE Collaboration. In particular, we examine the transverse momentum ($p_T$) spectra of positively charged (identified) hadrons, $π^+$, $K^+$ and $p$, generated in various centrality intervals. We perform individual fits using the thermodynamically consistent Tsallis distribution to extract the following quantities: the non-extensitivity parameter, $q$, the effective temperature, $T_{\rm eff}$, the kinetic freezeout volume, $V$, the mean transverse flow velocity, $β_T$, the mean kinetic freezeout temperature, $\langle T_0\rangle$, the thermal temperature, $T_{\rm th}$, and the parameter $ζ$, which characterizes the fluctuating number of generated particles. From peripheral to central collision, and from lower to higher charged particle multiplicity per pseudorapidity unit, $\langle dN_{\rm ch}/dη\rangle$, all these quantities are observed to increase, with the exception of $q$, which has the opposite behavior. The parameters $T_{\rm eff}$, $q$, and $V$ depend on the hadron mass in a way that supports the scenarios of volume differential freezeout and multiple kinetic freezeout. Furthermore, we extracted $\langle T_{\rm eff}\rangle$ and $\langle q\rangle$ for different collisions and energies at LHC and RHIC, and compare their dependencies on $\langle dN_{\rm ch}/dη\rangle$ and $\langle N_{\rm part} \rangle$. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_07369 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Thermodynamic Analysis of Transverse Momentum Spectra in Pb-Pb Collisions at 2.76 TeV: Centrality Dependence of Temperature, Freezeout Parameters and Non-Extensitivity Waqas, M. Khan, Hassan Ali Bietenholz, Wolfgang Ajaz, Muhammad Slimane, Jihane Ben Alrebdi, Haifa I. Ismail, A. Haj High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Nuclear Theory We study properties of Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV in mid-rapidity, $|y|<0.5$, based on data by the ALICE Collaboration. In particular, we examine the transverse momentum ($p_T$) spectra of positively charged (identified) hadrons, $π^+$, $K^+$ and $p$, generated in various centrality intervals. We perform individual fits using the thermodynamically consistent Tsallis distribution to extract the following quantities: the non-extensitivity parameter, $q$, the effective temperature, $T_{\rm eff}$, the kinetic freezeout volume, $V$, the mean transverse flow velocity, $β_T$, the mean kinetic freezeout temperature, $\langle T_0\rangle$, the thermal temperature, $T_{\rm th}$, and the parameter $ζ$, which characterizes the fluctuating number of generated particles. From peripheral to central collision, and from lower to higher charged particle multiplicity per pseudorapidity unit, $\langle dN_{\rm ch}/dη\rangle$, all these quantities are observed to increase, with the exception of $q$, which has the opposite behavior. The parameters $T_{\rm eff}$, $q$, and $V$ depend on the hadron mass in a way that supports the scenarios of volume differential freezeout and multiple kinetic freezeout. Furthermore, we extracted $\langle T_{\rm eff}\rangle$ and $\langle q\rangle$ for different collisions and energies at LHC and RHIC, and compare their dependencies on $\langle dN_{\rm ch}/dη\rangle$ and $\langle N_{\rm part} \rangle$. |
| title | Thermodynamic Analysis of Transverse Momentum Spectra in Pb-Pb Collisions at 2.76 TeV: Centrality Dependence of Temperature, Freezeout Parameters and Non-Extensitivity |
| topic | High Energy Physics - Phenomenology Nuclear Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07369 |