Conditional Unigram Tokenization with Parallel Data

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Vico, Gianluca, Libovický, Jindřinch
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Vico, Gianluca
Libovický, Jindřinch
author_facet Vico, Gianluca
Libovický, Jindřinch
contents We introduce conditional unigram tokenization, a novel approach that extends unigram tokenization by conditioning target token probabilities on source-language tokens from parallel data. Given a fixed source tokenizer, our method learns a target tokenizer that maximizes cross-lingual semantic alignment. We evaluate our tokenizer on four language pairs across different families and resource levels, examining intrinsic properties and downstream performance on machine translation and language modeling. While our conditional tokenizer maintains comparable statistical properties to standard unigram tokenizers, results are mixed: we observe no improvements in machine translation quality, but find consistent perplexity reductions in language modeling. We hypothesize that quadratic scaling of conditional probability estimation with respect to the vocabulary size creates a data efficiency bottleneck. Our findings suggest that alternative parameterizations may be necessary for practical cross-lingual tokenization.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_07824
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Conditional Unigram Tokenization with Parallel Data
Vico, Gianluca
Libovický, Jindřinch
Computation and Language
We introduce conditional unigram tokenization, a novel approach that extends unigram tokenization by conditioning target token probabilities on source-language tokens from parallel data. Given a fixed source tokenizer, our method learns a target tokenizer that maximizes cross-lingual semantic alignment. We evaluate our tokenizer on four language pairs across different families and resource levels, examining intrinsic properties and downstream performance on machine translation and language modeling. While our conditional tokenizer maintains comparable statistical properties to standard unigram tokenizers, results are mixed: we observe no improvements in machine translation quality, but find consistent perplexity reductions in language modeling. We hypothesize that quadratic scaling of conditional probability estimation with respect to the vocabulary size creates a data efficiency bottleneck. Our findings suggest that alternative parameterizations may be necessary for practical cross-lingual tokenization.
title Conditional Unigram Tokenization with Parallel Data
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.07824