MCEval: A Dynamic Framework for Fair Multilingual Cultural Evaluation of LLMs

Fuente: arXiv
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Autores principales: Huang, Shulin, Yang, Linyi, Zhang, Yue
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2025
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author Huang, Shulin
Yang, Linyi
Zhang, Yue
author_facet Huang, Shulin
Yang, Linyi
Zhang, Yue
contents Large language models exhibit cultural biases and limited cross-cultural understanding capabilities, particularly when serving diverse global user populations. We propose MCEval, a novel multilingual evaluation framework that employs dynamic cultural question construction and enables causal analysis through Counterfactual Rephrasing and Confounder Rephrasing. Our comprehensive evaluation spans 13 cultures and 13 languages, systematically assessing both cultural awareness and cultural bias across different linguistic scenarios. The framework provides 39,897 cultural awareness instances and 17,940 cultural bias instances. Experimental results reveal performance disparities across different linguistic scenarios, demonstrating that optimal cultural performance is not only linked to training data distribution, but also is related to language-culture alignment. The evaluation results also expose the fairness issue, where approaches appearing successful in the English scenario create substantial disadvantages. MCEval represents the first comprehensive multilingual cultural evaluation framework that provides deeper insights into LLMs' cultural understanding.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_09701
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle MCEval: A Dynamic Framework for Fair Multilingual Cultural Evaluation of LLMs
Huang, Shulin
Yang, Linyi
Zhang, Yue
Computation and Language
Large language models exhibit cultural biases and limited cross-cultural understanding capabilities, particularly when serving diverse global user populations. We propose MCEval, a novel multilingual evaluation framework that employs dynamic cultural question construction and enables causal analysis through Counterfactual Rephrasing and Confounder Rephrasing. Our comprehensive evaluation spans 13 cultures and 13 languages, systematically assessing both cultural awareness and cultural bias across different linguistic scenarios. The framework provides 39,897 cultural awareness instances and 17,940 cultural bias instances. Experimental results reveal performance disparities across different linguistic scenarios, demonstrating that optimal cultural performance is not only linked to training data distribution, but also is related to language-culture alignment. The evaluation results also expose the fairness issue, where approaches appearing successful in the English scenario create substantial disadvantages. MCEval represents the first comprehensive multilingual cultural evaluation framework that provides deeper insights into LLMs' cultural understanding.
title MCEval: A Dynamic Framework for Fair Multilingual Cultural Evaluation of LLMs
topic Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.09701