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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.10779 |
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| _version_ | 1866911620306829312 |
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| author | Cheng, Kaimin |
| author_facet | Cheng, Kaimin |
| contents | Let $q$ be a power of $2$ and let $\mathbb{F}_q$ be the finite field with $q$ elements. For a positive integer $n$, the polynomial $X^n-1\in\mathbb{F}_q[X]$ is called $3$-sparse over $\mathbb{F}_q$ if every monic irreducible factor of $X^n-1$ over $\mathbb{F}_q$ has at most three nonzero terms. This corrected version gives the characteristic-two classification. Writing $n=2^λm$ with $m$ odd, $X^n-1$ is $3$-sparse over $\mathbb{F}_q$ if and only if either $\rad(m)\mid q^2-1$, or $q=2^e$, $3\nmid e$, and $m$ lies in the exceptional $7$-family \[
m=7^A s_0,
\quad A\ge1,
\quad (s_0,7)=1,
\quad \rad(s_0)\mid q-1,
\quad 3\nmid s_0/\gcd(s_0,q-1), \] with the additional maximal $7$-adic orbit condition $\ord_{7^a}(q)=3\cdot7^{a-1}$ for $1\le a\le A$. The latter condition is equivalent to $A=1$ or $7\nmid e$. This condition is necessary; for example, $X^{49}-1$ is not $3$-sparse over $\mathbb{F}_{128}$. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_10779 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | The $3$-sparsity of $X^n-1$ over finite fields, II Cheng, Kaimin Number Theory 11T06 Let $q$ be a power of $2$ and let $\mathbb{F}_q$ be the finite field with $q$ elements. For a positive integer $n$, the polynomial $X^n-1\in\mathbb{F}_q[X]$ is called $3$-sparse over $\mathbb{F}_q$ if every monic irreducible factor of $X^n-1$ over $\mathbb{F}_q$ has at most three nonzero terms. This corrected version gives the characteristic-two classification. Writing $n=2^λm$ with $m$ odd, $X^n-1$ is $3$-sparse over $\mathbb{F}_q$ if and only if either $\rad(m)\mid q^2-1$, or $q=2^e$, $3\nmid e$, and $m$ lies in the exceptional $7$-family \[ m=7^A s_0, \quad A\ge1, \quad (s_0,7)=1, \quad \rad(s_0)\mid q-1, \quad 3\nmid s_0/\gcd(s_0,q-1), \] with the additional maximal $7$-adic orbit condition $\ord_{7^a}(q)=3\cdot7^{a-1}$ for $1\le a\le A$. The latter condition is equivalent to $A=1$ or $7\nmid e$. This condition is necessary; for example, $X^{49}-1$ is not $3$-sparse over $\mathbb{F}_{128}$. |
| title | The $3$-sparsity of $X^n-1$ over finite fields, II |
| topic | Number Theory 11T06 |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.10779 |