Prospects of detecting rotational flatness of exoplanets from space-based photometry

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Main Authors: Kálmán, Sz., Csizmadia, Sz., Bernabó, L. M., Szabó, R., Szabó, Gy. M.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Kálmán, Sz.
Csizmadia, Sz.
Bernabó, L. M.
Szabó, R.
Szabó, Gy. M.
author_facet Kálmán, Sz.
Csizmadia, Sz.
Bernabó, L. M.
Szabó, R.
Szabó, Gy. M.
contents In the era of photometry with space-based telescopes, such as CHEOPS (CHaracterizing ExOPlanets Satellite), JWST (James Webb Space Telescope), PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars), and ARIEL (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey), the road has opened for detecting subtle distortions in exoplanet transit light curves -- resulting from their non-spherical shape. We investigate the prospects of retrieval of rotational flatness (oblateness) of exoplanets at various noise levels. We present a novel method for calculating the transit light curves based on the Gauss-Legendre quadrature. We compare it in the non-rotating limit to the available analytical models. We conduct injection-and-retrieval tests to assess the precision and accuracy of the retrievable oblateness values. We find that the light curve calculation technique is about $25$\% faster than a well-known analytical counterpart, while still being precise enough. We show that a $3 σ$ oblateness detection is possible for a planet orbiting bright enough stars, by exploiting a precise estimate on the stellar density obtained e.g. from asteroseismology. We also show that for noise levels $\geq 256$ ppm (expressed as point-to-point scatter with a $60$~s exposure time) detection of planetary oblateness is not reliable.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_15359
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Prospects of detecting rotational flatness of exoplanets from space-based photometry
Kálmán, Sz.
Csizmadia, Sz.
Bernabó, L. M.
Szabó, R.
Szabó, Gy. M.
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
In the era of photometry with space-based telescopes, such as CHEOPS (CHaracterizing ExOPlanets Satellite), JWST (James Webb Space Telescope), PLATO (PLAnetary Transits and Oscillations of stars), and ARIEL (Atmospheric Remote-sensing Infrared Exoplanet Large-survey), the road has opened for detecting subtle distortions in exoplanet transit light curves -- resulting from their non-spherical shape. We investigate the prospects of retrieval of rotational flatness (oblateness) of exoplanets at various noise levels. We present a novel method for calculating the transit light curves based on the Gauss-Legendre quadrature. We compare it in the non-rotating limit to the available analytical models. We conduct injection-and-retrieval tests to assess the precision and accuracy of the retrievable oblateness values. We find that the light curve calculation technique is about $25$\% faster than a well-known analytical counterpart, while still being precise enough. We show that a $3 σ$ oblateness detection is possible for a planet orbiting bright enough stars, by exploiting a precise estimate on the stellar density obtained e.g. from asteroseismology. We also show that for noise levels $\geq 256$ ppm (expressed as point-to-point scatter with a $60$~s exposure time) detection of planetary oblateness is not reliable.
title Prospects of detecting rotational flatness of exoplanets from space-based photometry
topic Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15359