The Feasibility of a Spacecraft Flyby with the Third Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS from Earth or Mars

Fuente: arXiv
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Hauptverfasser: Yaginuma, Atsuhiro, Frincke, Tessa, Seligman, Darryl Z., Mandt, Kathleen, DellaGiustina, Daniella N., Peña-Asensio, Eloy, Taylor, Aster G., Nolan, Michael C.
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2025
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author Yaginuma, Atsuhiro
Frincke, Tessa
Seligman, Darryl Z.
Mandt, Kathleen
DellaGiustina, Daniella N.
Peña-Asensio, Eloy
Taylor, Aster G.
Nolan, Michael C.
author_facet Yaginuma, Atsuhiro
Frincke, Tessa
Seligman, Darryl Z.
Mandt, Kathleen
DellaGiustina, Daniella N.
Peña-Asensio, Eloy
Taylor, Aster G.
Nolan, Michael C.
contents We investigate the feasibility of a spacecraft mission to conduct a flyby of 3I/ATLAS, the third macroscopic interstellar object discovered on July 1 2025, as it traverses the Solar System. There are both ready-to-launch spacecraft currently in storage on Earth, such as Janus, and spacecraft nearing the end of their missions at Mars. We calculate minimum $ΔV$ single-impulse direct transfer trajectories to 3I/ATLAS both from Earth and from Mars. We consider launch dates spanning January 2025 through March 2026 to explore obtainable and hypothetical mission scenarios. Post-discovery Earth departures require a challenging $ΔV\gtrsim24$ km s$^{-1}$ to fly by 3I/ATLAS. By contrast, Mars departures from July 2025 - September 2025 require $ΔV\sim5$ km s$^{-1}$ to achieve an early October flyby -- which is more feasible with existing propulsion capabilities. \added{We further calculate the phase angle and flyby velocity for these trajectories, noting that the resulting flyby speeds would impose significant observational and engineering challenges that a mission would need to overcome.} We discuss how existing spacecraft could be used to observe 3I/ATLAS and how spacecraft at other locations in the Solar System could be repurposed to visit future interstellar objects on short notice.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_15755
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle The Feasibility of a Spacecraft Flyby with the Third Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS from Earth or Mars
Yaginuma, Atsuhiro
Frincke, Tessa
Seligman, Darryl Z.
Mandt, Kathleen
DellaGiustina, Daniella N.
Peña-Asensio, Eloy
Taylor, Aster G.
Nolan, Michael C.
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
We investigate the feasibility of a spacecraft mission to conduct a flyby of 3I/ATLAS, the third macroscopic interstellar object discovered on July 1 2025, as it traverses the Solar System. There are both ready-to-launch spacecraft currently in storage on Earth, such as Janus, and spacecraft nearing the end of their missions at Mars. We calculate minimum $ΔV$ single-impulse direct transfer trajectories to 3I/ATLAS both from Earth and from Mars. We consider launch dates spanning January 2025 through March 2026 to explore obtainable and hypothetical mission scenarios. Post-discovery Earth departures require a challenging $ΔV\gtrsim24$ km s$^{-1}$ to fly by 3I/ATLAS. By contrast, Mars departures from July 2025 - September 2025 require $ΔV\sim5$ km s$^{-1}$ to achieve an early October flyby -- which is more feasible with existing propulsion capabilities. \added{We further calculate the phase angle and flyby velocity for these trajectories, noting that the resulting flyby speeds would impose significant observational and engineering challenges that a mission would need to overcome.} We discuss how existing spacecraft could be used to observe 3I/ATLAS and how spacecraft at other locations in the Solar System could be repurposed to visit future interstellar objects on short notice.
title The Feasibility of a Spacecraft Flyby with the Third Interstellar Object 3I/ATLAS from Earth or Mars
topic Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15755