Benchmarking CO$_2$ Storage Simulations: Results from the 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project
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2025
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| author | Nordbotten, Jan M. Fernø, Martin A. Flemisch, Bernd Kovscek, Anthony R. Lie, Knut-Andreas Both, Jakub W. Møyner, Olav Sandve, Tor Harald Ahusborde, Etienne Bauer, Sebastian Chen, Zhangxing Class, Holger Di, Chaojie Ding, Didier Element, David Firoozabadi, Abbas Flauraud, Eric Franc, Jacques Gasanzade, Firdovsi Ghomian, Yousef Giddins, Marie Ann Green, Christopher Fernandes, Bruno R. B. Hadjisotiriou, George Hammond, Glenn Huang, Hai Kachuma, Dickson Kern, Michel Koch, Timo Krishnamurthy, Prasanna Lye, Kjetil Olsen Landa-Marbán, David Nole, Michael Orsini, Paolo Ruby, Nicolas Salinas, Pablo Sayyafzadeh, Mohammad Solovský, Jakub Torben, Jakob Turner, Adam Voskov, Denis V. Wendel, Kai Youssef, AbdAllah A. |
| author_facet | Nordbotten, Jan M. Fernø, Martin A. Flemisch, Bernd Kovscek, Anthony R. Lie, Knut-Andreas Both, Jakub W. Møyner, Olav Sandve, Tor Harald Ahusborde, Etienne Bauer, Sebastian Chen, Zhangxing Class, Holger Di, Chaojie Ding, Didier Element, David Firoozabadi, Abbas Flauraud, Eric Franc, Jacques Gasanzade, Firdovsi Ghomian, Yousef Giddins, Marie Ann Green, Christopher Fernandes, Bruno R. B. Hadjisotiriou, George Hammond, Glenn Huang, Hai Kachuma, Dickson Kern, Michel Koch, Timo Krishnamurthy, Prasanna Lye, Kjetil Olsen Landa-Marbán, David Nole, Michael Orsini, Paolo Ruby, Nicolas Salinas, Pablo Sayyafzadeh, Mohammad Solovský, Jakub Torben, Jakob Turner, Adam Voskov, Denis V. Wendel, Kai Youssef, AbdAllah A. |
| contents | The 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project (shortened SPE11 herein) benchmarked simulation tools for geological carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) storage. A total of 45 groups from leading research institutions and industry across the globe signed up to participate, with 18 ultimately contributing valid results that were included in the comparative study reported here.
This paper summarizes the SPE11. A comprehensive introduction and qualitative discussion of the submitted data are provided, together with an overview of online resources for accessing the full depth of data. A global metric for analyzing the relative distance between submissions is proposed and used to conduct a quantitative analysis of the submissions. This analysis attempts to statistically resolve the key aspects influencing the variability between submissions.
The study shows that the major qualitative variation between the submitted results is related to thermal effects, dissolution-driven convective mixing, and resolution of facies discontinuities. Moreover, a strong dependence on grid resolution is observed across all three versions of the SPE11. However, our quantitative analysis suggests that the observed variations are predominantly influenced by factors not documented in the technical responses provided by the participants. We therefore identify that unreported variations due to human choices within the process of setting up, conducting, and reporting on the simulations underlying each SPE11 submission are at least as impactful as the computational choices reported. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_15861 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Benchmarking CO$_2$ Storage Simulations: Results from the 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project Nordbotten, Jan M. Fernø, Martin A. Flemisch, Bernd Kovscek, Anthony R. Lie, Knut-Andreas Both, Jakub W. Møyner, Olav Sandve, Tor Harald Ahusborde, Etienne Bauer, Sebastian Chen, Zhangxing Class, Holger Di, Chaojie Ding, Didier Element, David Firoozabadi, Abbas Flauraud, Eric Franc, Jacques Gasanzade, Firdovsi Ghomian, Yousef Giddins, Marie Ann Green, Christopher Fernandes, Bruno R. B. Hadjisotiriou, George Hammond, Glenn Huang, Hai Kachuma, Dickson Kern, Michel Koch, Timo Krishnamurthy, Prasanna Lye, Kjetil Olsen Landa-Marbán, David Nole, Michael Orsini, Paolo Ruby, Nicolas Salinas, Pablo Sayyafzadeh, Mohammad Solovský, Jakub Torben, Jakob Turner, Adam Voskov, Denis V. Wendel, Kai Youssef, AbdAllah A. Geophysics Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science Numerical Analysis The 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project (shortened SPE11 herein) benchmarked simulation tools for geological carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) storage. A total of 45 groups from leading research institutions and industry across the globe signed up to participate, with 18 ultimately contributing valid results that were included in the comparative study reported here. This paper summarizes the SPE11. A comprehensive introduction and qualitative discussion of the submitted data are provided, together with an overview of online resources for accessing the full depth of data. A global metric for analyzing the relative distance between submissions is proposed and used to conduct a quantitative analysis of the submissions. This analysis attempts to statistically resolve the key aspects influencing the variability between submissions. The study shows that the major qualitative variation between the submitted results is related to thermal effects, dissolution-driven convective mixing, and resolution of facies discontinuities. Moreover, a strong dependence on grid resolution is observed across all three versions of the SPE11. However, our quantitative analysis suggests that the observed variations are predominantly influenced by factors not documented in the technical responses provided by the participants. We therefore identify that unreported variations due to human choices within the process of setting up, conducting, and reporting on the simulations underlying each SPE11 submission are at least as impactful as the computational choices reported. |
| title | Benchmarking CO$_2$ Storage Simulations: Results from the 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project |
| topic | Geophysics Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science Numerical Analysis |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15861 |