_version_ 1866911473333174272
author Nordbotten, Jan M.
Fernø, Martin A.
Flemisch, Bernd
Kovscek, Anthony R.
Lie, Knut-Andreas
Both, Jakub W.
Møyner, Olav
Sandve, Tor Harald
Ahusborde, Etienne
Bauer, Sebastian
Chen, Zhangxing
Class, Holger
Di, Chaojie
Ding, Didier
Element, David
Firoozabadi, Abbas
Flauraud, Eric
Franc, Jacques
Gasanzade, Firdovsi
Ghomian, Yousef
Giddins, Marie Ann
Green, Christopher
Fernandes, Bruno R. B.
Hadjisotiriou, George
Hammond, Glenn
Huang, Hai
Kachuma, Dickson
Kern, Michel
Koch, Timo
Krishnamurthy, Prasanna
Lye, Kjetil Olsen
Landa-Marbán, David
Nole, Michael
Orsini, Paolo
Ruby, Nicolas
Salinas, Pablo
Sayyafzadeh, Mohammad
Solovský, Jakub
Torben, Jakob
Turner, Adam
Voskov, Denis V.
Wendel, Kai
Youssef, AbdAllah A.
author_facet Nordbotten, Jan M.
Fernø, Martin A.
Flemisch, Bernd
Kovscek, Anthony R.
Lie, Knut-Andreas
Both, Jakub W.
Møyner, Olav
Sandve, Tor Harald
Ahusborde, Etienne
Bauer, Sebastian
Chen, Zhangxing
Class, Holger
Di, Chaojie
Ding, Didier
Element, David
Firoozabadi, Abbas
Flauraud, Eric
Franc, Jacques
Gasanzade, Firdovsi
Ghomian, Yousef
Giddins, Marie Ann
Green, Christopher
Fernandes, Bruno R. B.
Hadjisotiriou, George
Hammond, Glenn
Huang, Hai
Kachuma, Dickson
Kern, Michel
Koch, Timo
Krishnamurthy, Prasanna
Lye, Kjetil Olsen
Landa-Marbán, David
Nole, Michael
Orsini, Paolo
Ruby, Nicolas
Salinas, Pablo
Sayyafzadeh, Mohammad
Solovský, Jakub
Torben, Jakob
Turner, Adam
Voskov, Denis V.
Wendel, Kai
Youssef, AbdAllah A.
contents The 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project (shortened SPE11 herein) benchmarked simulation tools for geological carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) storage. A total of 45 groups from leading research institutions and industry across the globe signed up to participate, with 18 ultimately contributing valid results that were included in the comparative study reported here. This paper summarizes the SPE11. A comprehensive introduction and qualitative discussion of the submitted data are provided, together with an overview of online resources for accessing the full depth of data. A global metric for analyzing the relative distance between submissions is proposed and used to conduct a quantitative analysis of the submissions. This analysis attempts to statistically resolve the key aspects influencing the variability between submissions. The study shows that the major qualitative variation between the submitted results is related to thermal effects, dissolution-driven convective mixing, and resolution of facies discontinuities. Moreover, a strong dependence on grid resolution is observed across all three versions of the SPE11. However, our quantitative analysis suggests that the observed variations are predominantly influenced by factors not documented in the technical responses provided by the participants. We therefore identify that unreported variations due to human choices within the process of setting up, conducting, and reporting on the simulations underlying each SPE11 submission are at least as impactful as the computational choices reported.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_15861
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Benchmarking CO$_2$ Storage Simulations: Results from the 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project
Nordbotten, Jan M.
Fernø, Martin A.
Flemisch, Bernd
Kovscek, Anthony R.
Lie, Knut-Andreas
Both, Jakub W.
Møyner, Olav
Sandve, Tor Harald
Ahusborde, Etienne
Bauer, Sebastian
Chen, Zhangxing
Class, Holger
Di, Chaojie
Ding, Didier
Element, David
Firoozabadi, Abbas
Flauraud, Eric
Franc, Jacques
Gasanzade, Firdovsi
Ghomian, Yousef
Giddins, Marie Ann
Green, Christopher
Fernandes, Bruno R. B.
Hadjisotiriou, George
Hammond, Glenn
Huang, Hai
Kachuma, Dickson
Kern, Michel
Koch, Timo
Krishnamurthy, Prasanna
Lye, Kjetil Olsen
Landa-Marbán, David
Nole, Michael
Orsini, Paolo
Ruby, Nicolas
Salinas, Pablo
Sayyafzadeh, Mohammad
Solovský, Jakub
Torben, Jakob
Turner, Adam
Voskov, Denis V.
Wendel, Kai
Youssef, AbdAllah A.
Geophysics
Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science
Numerical Analysis
The 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project (shortened SPE11 herein) benchmarked simulation tools for geological carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) storage. A total of 45 groups from leading research institutions and industry across the globe signed up to participate, with 18 ultimately contributing valid results that were included in the comparative study reported here. This paper summarizes the SPE11. A comprehensive introduction and qualitative discussion of the submitted data are provided, together with an overview of online resources for accessing the full depth of data. A global metric for analyzing the relative distance between submissions is proposed and used to conduct a quantitative analysis of the submissions. This analysis attempts to statistically resolve the key aspects influencing the variability between submissions. The study shows that the major qualitative variation between the submitted results is related to thermal effects, dissolution-driven convective mixing, and resolution of facies discontinuities. Moreover, a strong dependence on grid resolution is observed across all three versions of the SPE11. However, our quantitative analysis suggests that the observed variations are predominantly influenced by factors not documented in the technical responses provided by the participants. We therefore identify that unreported variations due to human choices within the process of setting up, conducting, and reporting on the simulations underlying each SPE11 submission are at least as impactful as the computational choices reported.
title Benchmarking CO$_2$ Storage Simulations: Results from the 11th Society of Petroleum Engineers Comparative Solution Project
topic Geophysics
Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science
Numerical Analysis
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15861