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Main Authors: Merritt, JD, Stevenson, Simon, Sander, Andreas, Mandel, Ilya, Riley, Jeff, Farr, Ben, van Son, L. A. C., Wagg, Tom, Vinciguerra, Serena, Jose, Holden
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17052
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author Merritt, JD
Stevenson, Simon
Sander, Andreas
Mandel, Ilya
Riley, Jeff
Farr, Ben
van Son, L. A. C.
Wagg, Tom
Vinciguerra, Serena
Jose, Holden
author_facet Merritt, JD
Stevenson, Simon
Sander, Andreas
Mandel, Ilya
Riley, Jeff
Farr, Ben
van Son, L. A. C.
Wagg, Tom
Vinciguerra, Serena
Jose, Holden
contents Massive stars lose a significant fraction of their mass through stellar winds at various stages of their lives, including on the main sequence, during the red supergiant phase, and as evolved helium-rich Wolf--Rayet stars. In stellar population synthesis, uncertainty in the mass-loss rates in these evolutionary stages limits our understanding of the formation of black holes and merging compact binaries. In the last decade, the theoretical predictions, simulation, and direct observation of wind mass-loss rates in massive stars have improved significantly, typically leading to a reduction in the predicted mass-loss rates of massive stars. In this paper we explore the astrophysical implications of an updated treatment of winds in the COMPAS population synthesis code. There is a large amount of variation in predicted mass-loss rates for massive red supergiants; some of the prescriptions we implement predict that massive red supergiants are able to lose their hydrogen envelopes through winds alone (providing a possible solution to the so-called missing red supergiant problem), while others predict much lower mass-loss rates that would not strip the hydrogen envelope. We discuss the formation of the most massive stellar-mass black holes in the Galaxy, including the high-mass X-ray binary Cygnus X-1 and the newly discovered Gaia BH3. We find that formation rates of merging binary black holes are sensitive to the mass-loss rate prescriptions, while the formation rates of merging binary neutron stars and neutron-star black hole binaries are more robust to this uncertainty.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_17052
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Implications of modern mass-loss rates for massive stars
Merritt, JD
Stevenson, Simon
Sander, Andreas
Mandel, Ilya
Riley, Jeff
Farr, Ben
van Son, L. A. C.
Wagg, Tom
Vinciguerra, Serena
Jose, Holden
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Massive stars lose a significant fraction of their mass through stellar winds at various stages of their lives, including on the main sequence, during the red supergiant phase, and as evolved helium-rich Wolf--Rayet stars. In stellar population synthesis, uncertainty in the mass-loss rates in these evolutionary stages limits our understanding of the formation of black holes and merging compact binaries. In the last decade, the theoretical predictions, simulation, and direct observation of wind mass-loss rates in massive stars have improved significantly, typically leading to a reduction in the predicted mass-loss rates of massive stars. In this paper we explore the astrophysical implications of an updated treatment of winds in the COMPAS population synthesis code. There is a large amount of variation in predicted mass-loss rates for massive red supergiants; some of the prescriptions we implement predict that massive red supergiants are able to lose their hydrogen envelopes through winds alone (providing a possible solution to the so-called missing red supergiant problem), while others predict much lower mass-loss rates that would not strip the hydrogen envelope. We discuss the formation of the most massive stellar-mass black holes in the Galaxy, including the high-mass X-ray binary Cygnus X-1 and the newly discovered Gaia BH3. We find that formation rates of merging binary black holes are sensitive to the mass-loss rate prescriptions, while the formation rates of merging binary neutron stars and neutron-star black hole binaries are more robust to this uncertainty.
title Implications of modern mass-loss rates for massive stars
topic Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena
Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17052