LTLZinc: a Benchmarking Framework for Continual Learning and Neuro-Symbolic Temporal Reasoning

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Main Authors: Lorello, Luca Salvatore, Manginas, Nikolaos, Lippi, Marco, Melacci, Stefano
Format: Preprint
Published: 2025
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author Lorello, Luca Salvatore
Manginas, Nikolaos
Lippi, Marco
Melacci, Stefano
author_facet Lorello, Luca Salvatore
Manginas, Nikolaos
Lippi, Marco
Melacci, Stefano
contents Neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence aims to combine neural architectures with symbolic approaches that can represent knowledge in a human-interpretable formalism. Continual learning concerns with agents that expand their knowledge over time, improving their skills while avoiding to forget previously learned concepts. Most of the existing approaches for neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence are applied to static scenarios only, and the challenging setting where reasoning along the temporal dimension is necessary has been seldom explored. In this work we introduce LTLZinc, a benchmarking framework that can be used to generate datasets covering a variety of different problems, against which neuro-symbolic and continual learning methods can be evaluated along the temporal and constraint-driven dimensions. Our framework generates expressive temporal reasoning and continual learning tasks from a linear temporal logic specification over MiniZinc constraints, and arbitrary image classification datasets. Fine-grained annotations allow multiple neural and neuro-symbolic training settings on the same generated datasets. Experiments on six neuro-symbolic sequence classification and four class-continual learning tasks generated by LTLZinc, demonstrate the challenging nature of temporal learning and reasoning, and highlight limitations of current state-of-the-art methods. We release the LTLZinc generator and ten ready-to-use tasks to the neuro-symbolic and continual learning communities, in the hope of fostering research towards unified temporal learning and reasoning frameworks.
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id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_17482
institution arXiv
publishDate 2025
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle LTLZinc: a Benchmarking Framework for Continual Learning and Neuro-Symbolic Temporal Reasoning
Lorello, Luca Salvatore
Manginas, Nikolaos
Lippi, Marco
Melacci, Stefano
Artificial Intelligence
Neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence aims to combine neural architectures with symbolic approaches that can represent knowledge in a human-interpretable formalism. Continual learning concerns with agents that expand their knowledge over time, improving their skills while avoiding to forget previously learned concepts. Most of the existing approaches for neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence are applied to static scenarios only, and the challenging setting where reasoning along the temporal dimension is necessary has been seldom explored. In this work we introduce LTLZinc, a benchmarking framework that can be used to generate datasets covering a variety of different problems, against which neuro-symbolic and continual learning methods can be evaluated along the temporal and constraint-driven dimensions. Our framework generates expressive temporal reasoning and continual learning tasks from a linear temporal logic specification over MiniZinc constraints, and arbitrary image classification datasets. Fine-grained annotations allow multiple neural and neuro-symbolic training settings on the same generated datasets. Experiments on six neuro-symbolic sequence classification and four class-continual learning tasks generated by LTLZinc, demonstrate the challenging nature of temporal learning and reasoning, and highlight limitations of current state-of-the-art methods. We release the LTLZinc generator and ten ready-to-use tasks to the neuro-symbolic and continual learning communities, in the hope of fostering research towards unified temporal learning and reasoning frameworks.
title LTLZinc: a Benchmarking Framework for Continual Learning and Neuro-Symbolic Temporal Reasoning
topic Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.17482