Diving into the planetary system of Proxima with NIRPS -- Breaking the metre per second barrier in the infrared
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez Artigau, Étienne Mignon, Lucile Delfosse, Xavier Cook, Neil J. Bouchy, François Doyon, René Hernández, Jonay I. González Vandal, Thomas Leão, Izan de Castro Stefanov, Atanas K. Faria, João Cadieux, Charles Lamontagne, Pierrot Baron, Frédérique Barros, Susana C. C. Benneke, Björn Bonfils, Xavier Bryan, Marta Martins, Bruno L. Canto Cloutier, Ryan Cowan, Nicolas B. de Freitas, Daniel Brito De Medeiros, Jose Renan Delgado-Mena, Elisa Figueira, Pedro Dumusque, Xavier Ehrenreich, David Lafrenière, David Lovis, Christophe Malo, Lison Melo, Claudio Mordasini, Christoph Pepe, Francesco Rebolo, Rafael Rowe, Jason Santos, Nuno C. Ségransan, Damien Udry, Stéphane Valencia, Diana Wade, Gregg Abreu, Manuel Aguiar, José L. A. Moulla, Khaled Al Allain, Guillaume Allart, Romain Arial, Tomy Auger, Hugues Bazinet, Luc Blind, Nicolas Bohlender, David Boisse, Isabelle Boucher, Anne Bourrier, Vincent Bovay, Sébastien Broeg, Christopher Brousseau, Denis Cabral, Alexandre Carmona, Andres Carteret, Yann Challita, Zalpha Chazelas, Bruno Coelho, João Cointepas, Marion Conod, Uriel Cristo, Eduardo Silva, Ana Rita Costa Darveau-Bernier, Antoine Dauplaise, Laurie Delisle, Jean-Baptiste Gomes, Roseane de Lima Forveille, Thierry Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Témich, Félix Gracia Fontinele, Dasaev O. Gagné, Jonathan Genest, Frédéric Genolet, Ludovic da Silva, João Gomes Grieves, Nolan Hernandez, Olivier Hobson, Melissa J. Hoeijmakers, H. Jens Hubin, Norbert Jahandar, Farbod Jayawardhana, Ray Käufl, Hans-Ulrich Kerley, Dan Kolb, Johann Krishnamurthy, Vigneshwaran Kung, Benjamin L'Heureux, Alexandrine Larue, Pierre Leath, Henry Lim, Olivia Curto, Gaspare Lo Martins, Allan M. Matthews, Jaymie Mayer, Jean-Sébastien Messias, Yuri S. Metchev, Stan Moranta, Leslie Mounzer, Dany Nari, Nicola Nielsen, Louise D. Osborn, Ares Ouellet, Mathieu Otegi, Jon Parc, Léna Pasquini, Luca Passegger, Vera M. Pelletier, Stefan Peroux, Céline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Caroline Plotnykov, Mykhaylo Pompei, Emanuela Poulin-Girard, Anne-Sophie Rasilla, José Luis Reshetov, Vladimir Saint-Antoine, Jonathan Sarajlic, Mirsad Saviane, Ivo Schnell, Robin Segovia, Alex Seidel, Julia Silber, Armin Sinclair, Peter Sordet, Michael Sosnowska, Danuta Srivastava, Avidaan Teixeira, Márcio A. Thibault, Simon Vallée, Philippe Vaulato, Valentina Wardenier, Joost P. Wehbe, Bachar Weisserman, Drew Wevers, Ivan Wildi, François Yariv, Vincent Zins, Gérard |
| author_facet | Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez Artigau, Étienne Mignon, Lucile Delfosse, Xavier Cook, Neil J. Bouchy, François Doyon, René Hernández, Jonay I. González Vandal, Thomas Leão, Izan de Castro Stefanov, Atanas K. Faria, João Cadieux, Charles Lamontagne, Pierrot Baron, Frédérique Barros, Susana C. C. Benneke, Björn Bonfils, Xavier Bryan, Marta Martins, Bruno L. Canto Cloutier, Ryan Cowan, Nicolas B. de Freitas, Daniel Brito De Medeiros, Jose Renan Delgado-Mena, Elisa Figueira, Pedro Dumusque, Xavier Ehrenreich, David Lafrenière, David Lovis, Christophe Malo, Lison Melo, Claudio Mordasini, Christoph Pepe, Francesco Rebolo, Rafael Rowe, Jason Santos, Nuno C. Ségransan, Damien Udry, Stéphane Valencia, Diana Wade, Gregg Abreu, Manuel Aguiar, José L. A. Moulla, Khaled Al Allain, Guillaume Allart, Romain Arial, Tomy Auger, Hugues Bazinet, Luc Blind, Nicolas Bohlender, David Boisse, Isabelle Boucher, Anne Bourrier, Vincent Bovay, Sébastien Broeg, Christopher Brousseau, Denis Cabral, Alexandre Carmona, Andres Carteret, Yann Challita, Zalpha Chazelas, Bruno Coelho, João Cointepas, Marion Conod, Uriel Cristo, Eduardo Silva, Ana Rita Costa Darveau-Bernier, Antoine Dauplaise, Laurie Delisle, Jean-Baptiste Gomes, Roseane de Lima Forveille, Thierry Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Témich, Félix Gracia Fontinele, Dasaev O. Gagné, Jonathan Genest, Frédéric Genolet, Ludovic da Silva, João Gomes Grieves, Nolan Hernandez, Olivier Hobson, Melissa J. Hoeijmakers, H. Jens Hubin, Norbert Jahandar, Farbod Jayawardhana, Ray Käufl, Hans-Ulrich Kerley, Dan Kolb, Johann Krishnamurthy, Vigneshwaran Kung, Benjamin L'Heureux, Alexandrine Larue, Pierre Leath, Henry Lim, Olivia Curto, Gaspare Lo Martins, Allan M. Matthews, Jaymie Mayer, Jean-Sébastien Messias, Yuri S. Metchev, Stan Moranta, Leslie Mounzer, Dany Nari, Nicola Nielsen, Louise D. Osborn, Ares Ouellet, Mathieu Otegi, Jon Parc, Léna Pasquini, Luca Passegger, Vera M. Pelletier, Stefan Peroux, Céline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Caroline Plotnykov, Mykhaylo Pompei, Emanuela Poulin-Girard, Anne-Sophie Rasilla, José Luis Reshetov, Vladimir Saint-Antoine, Jonathan Sarajlic, Mirsad Saviane, Ivo Schnell, Robin Segovia, Alex Seidel, Julia Silber, Armin Sinclair, Peter Sordet, Michael Sosnowska, Danuta Srivastava, Avidaan Teixeira, Márcio A. Thibault, Simon Vallée, Philippe Vaulato, Valentina Wardenier, Joost P. Wehbe, Bachar Weisserman, Drew Wevers, Ivan Wildi, François Yariv, Vincent Zins, Gérard |
| contents | We obtained 420 high-resolution spectra of Proxima, over 159 nights, using the Near Infra Red Planet Searcher (NIRPS). We derived 149 nightly binned radial velocity measurements with a standard deviation of 1.69 m/s and a median uncertainty of 55 cm/s, and performed a joint analysis combining radial velocities, spectroscopic activity indicators, and ground-based photometry, to model the planetary and stellar signals present in the data, applying multi-dimensional Gaussian process regression to model the activity signals. We detect the radial velocity signal of Proxima b in the NIRPS data. All planetary characteristics are consistent with those previously derived using visible light spectrographs. In addition, we find evidence of the presence of the sub-Earth Proxima d in the NIRPS data. When combining the data with the HARPS observations taken simultaneous to NIRPS, we obtain a tentative detection of Proxima d and parameters consistent with those measured with ESPRESSO. By combining the NIRPS data with simultaneously obtained HARPS observations and archival data, we confirm the existence of Proxima d, and demonstrate that its parameters are stable over time and against change of instrument. We refine the planetary parameters of Proxima b and d, and find inconclusive evidence of the signal attributed to Proxima c (P = 1900 d) being present in the data. We measure Proxima b and d to have minimum masses of 1.055 $\pm$ 0.055 Me, and 0.260 $\pm$ 0.038 Me, respectively. Our results show that, in the case of Proxima, NIRPS provides more precise radial velocity data than HARPS, and a more significant detection of the planetary signals. The standard deviation of the residuals of NIRPS after the fit is 80 cm/s, showcasing the potential of NIRPS to measure precise radial velocities in the near-infrared. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2507_21751 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Diving into the planetary system of Proxima with NIRPS -- Breaking the metre per second barrier in the infrared Mascareño, Alejandro Suárez Artigau, Étienne Mignon, Lucile Delfosse, Xavier Cook, Neil J. Bouchy, François Doyon, René Hernández, Jonay I. González Vandal, Thomas Leão, Izan de Castro Stefanov, Atanas K. Faria, João Cadieux, Charles Lamontagne, Pierrot Baron, Frédérique Barros, Susana C. C. Benneke, Björn Bonfils, Xavier Bryan, Marta Martins, Bruno L. Canto Cloutier, Ryan Cowan, Nicolas B. de Freitas, Daniel Brito De Medeiros, Jose Renan Delgado-Mena, Elisa Figueira, Pedro Dumusque, Xavier Ehrenreich, David Lafrenière, David Lovis, Christophe Malo, Lison Melo, Claudio Mordasini, Christoph Pepe, Francesco Rebolo, Rafael Rowe, Jason Santos, Nuno C. Ségransan, Damien Udry, Stéphane Valencia, Diana Wade, Gregg Abreu, Manuel Aguiar, José L. A. Moulla, Khaled Al Allain, Guillaume Allart, Romain Arial, Tomy Auger, Hugues Bazinet, Luc Blind, Nicolas Bohlender, David Boisse, Isabelle Boucher, Anne Bourrier, Vincent Bovay, Sébastien Broeg, Christopher Brousseau, Denis Cabral, Alexandre Carmona, Andres Carteret, Yann Challita, Zalpha Chazelas, Bruno Coelho, João Cointepas, Marion Conod, Uriel Cristo, Eduardo Silva, Ana Rita Costa Darveau-Bernier, Antoine Dauplaise, Laurie Delisle, Jean-Baptiste Gomes, Roseane de Lima Forveille, Thierry Frensch, Yolanda G. C. Témich, Félix Gracia Fontinele, Dasaev O. Gagné, Jonathan Genest, Frédéric Genolet, Ludovic da Silva, João Gomes Grieves, Nolan Hernandez, Olivier Hobson, Melissa J. Hoeijmakers, H. Jens Hubin, Norbert Jahandar, Farbod Jayawardhana, Ray Käufl, Hans-Ulrich Kerley, Dan Kolb, Johann Krishnamurthy, Vigneshwaran Kung, Benjamin L'Heureux, Alexandrine Larue, Pierre Leath, Henry Lim, Olivia Curto, Gaspare Lo Martins, Allan M. Matthews, Jaymie Mayer, Jean-Sébastien Messias, Yuri S. Metchev, Stan Moranta, Leslie Mounzer, Dany Nari, Nicola Nielsen, Louise D. Osborn, Ares Ouellet, Mathieu Otegi, Jon Parc, Léna Pasquini, Luca Passegger, Vera M. Pelletier, Stefan Peroux, Céline Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Caroline Plotnykov, Mykhaylo Pompei, Emanuela Poulin-Girard, Anne-Sophie Rasilla, José Luis Reshetov, Vladimir Saint-Antoine, Jonathan Sarajlic, Mirsad Saviane, Ivo Schnell, Robin Segovia, Alex Seidel, Julia Silber, Armin Sinclair, Peter Sordet, Michael Sosnowska, Danuta Srivastava, Avidaan Teixeira, Márcio A. Thibault, Simon Vallée, Philippe Vaulato, Valentina Wardenier, Joost P. Wehbe, Bachar Weisserman, Drew Wevers, Ivan Wildi, François Yariv, Vincent Zins, Gérard Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Solar and Stellar Astrophysics We obtained 420 high-resolution spectra of Proxima, over 159 nights, using the Near Infra Red Planet Searcher (NIRPS). We derived 149 nightly binned radial velocity measurements with a standard deviation of 1.69 m/s and a median uncertainty of 55 cm/s, and performed a joint analysis combining radial velocities, spectroscopic activity indicators, and ground-based photometry, to model the planetary and stellar signals present in the data, applying multi-dimensional Gaussian process regression to model the activity signals. We detect the radial velocity signal of Proxima b in the NIRPS data. All planetary characteristics are consistent with those previously derived using visible light spectrographs. In addition, we find evidence of the presence of the sub-Earth Proxima d in the NIRPS data. When combining the data with the HARPS observations taken simultaneous to NIRPS, we obtain a tentative detection of Proxima d and parameters consistent with those measured with ESPRESSO. By combining the NIRPS data with simultaneously obtained HARPS observations and archival data, we confirm the existence of Proxima d, and demonstrate that its parameters are stable over time and against change of instrument. We refine the planetary parameters of Proxima b and d, and find inconclusive evidence of the signal attributed to Proxima c (P = 1900 d) being present in the data. We measure Proxima b and d to have minimum masses of 1.055 $\pm$ 0.055 Me, and 0.260 $\pm$ 0.038 Me, respectively. Our results show that, in the case of Proxima, NIRPS provides more precise radial velocity data than HARPS, and a more significant detection of the planetary signals. The standard deviation of the residuals of NIRPS after the fit is 80 cm/s, showcasing the potential of NIRPS to measure precise radial velocities in the near-infrared. |
| title | Diving into the planetary system of Proxima with NIRPS -- Breaking the metre per second barrier in the infrared |
| topic | Earth and Planetary Astrophysics Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Solar and Stellar Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.21751 |