Deciphering the Physical Origin of GRB 240825A: A Long GRB Lacking a Bright Supernova
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2025
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| author | Gupta, Rahul Racusin, Judith L. Sanchez-Ramirez, R. Hu, Y. Rossi, Andrea Garcia, Maria Dolores Caballero Nuessle, Pi Castro-Tirado, Alberto J. Oates, Samantha Bordoloi, Pragyan P. Aryan, Amar Dichiara, Simone Veres, Peter Klingler, Noel Omodei, Nicola Maiorano, Elisabetta Tak, Donggeun Shilling, S. Adsuara, Jose E. Connell, P. H. Garcia, E. Fernandez Garcia-Segura, Guillermo Ghosh, Ankur Göğüs, Ersin Gordillo-Vazquez, Francisco J. Gritsevich, Maria Guelbenzu, Ana M. Nicuesa Guziy, S. Hanlon, Lorraine van Heerden, Hendrik Iyyani, Shabnam Martin-Carrillo, Antonio Meintjes, Petrus J. Navarro-Gonzalez, J. Neubert, T. Ostgaard, Nikolai Pandey, S. B. Pérez-García, Ignacio Razzaque, Soebur Sonbas, Eda Wu, Si-Yu Pozanenko, Alexei Volnova, Alina Moskvitin, Alexander Belkin, Sergey Spiridonova, O. I. Burkhonov, Otabek A. Ehgamberdiev, Shuhrat A. Klunko, E. Rumyantsev, V. Sokolov, I. Novichonok, A. Reva, Inna Volvach, A. Volvach, L. |
| author_facet | Gupta, Rahul Racusin, Judith L. Sanchez-Ramirez, R. Hu, Y. Rossi, Andrea Garcia, Maria Dolores Caballero Nuessle, Pi Castro-Tirado, Alberto J. Oates, Samantha Bordoloi, Pragyan P. Aryan, Amar Dichiara, Simone Veres, Peter Klingler, Noel Omodei, Nicola Maiorano, Elisabetta Tak, Donggeun Shilling, S. Adsuara, Jose E. Connell, P. H. Garcia, E. Fernandez Garcia-Segura, Guillermo Ghosh, Ankur Göğüs, Ersin Gordillo-Vazquez, Francisco J. Gritsevich, Maria Guelbenzu, Ana M. Nicuesa Guziy, S. Hanlon, Lorraine van Heerden, Hendrik Iyyani, Shabnam Martin-Carrillo, Antonio Meintjes, Petrus J. Navarro-Gonzalez, J. Neubert, T. Ostgaard, Nikolai Pandey, S. B. Pérez-García, Ignacio Razzaque, Soebur Sonbas, Eda Wu, Si-Yu Pozanenko, Alexei Volnova, Alina Moskvitin, Alexander Belkin, Sergey Spiridonova, O. I. Burkhonov, Otabek A. Ehgamberdiev, Shuhrat A. Klunko, E. Rumyantsev, V. Sokolov, I. Novichonok, A. Reva, Inna Volvach, A. Volvach, L. |
| contents | We present a comprehensive multiwavelength analysis of GRB 240825A, a bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected by Fermi and Swift, with a prompt duration ($T_{\rm 90}$ ~ 4 sec in 50-300 keV) near the boundary separating short and long GRBs, prompting a detailed investigation into its classification and progenitor. Using classical prompt metrics (duration, minimum variability timescale (MVT), lag, and spectral hardness) and modern classification techniques (machine-learning (ML) based t-SNE, support vector machine, energy-hardness-duration, and $ε\equiv E_{γ,\mathrm{iso},52} / E_{p,z,2}^{5/3}$), we find GRB 240825A exhibits hybrid characteristics. The short MVT (13.830 $\pm$ 1.574 ms), rest-frame duration, and ML-based classification indicate a merger-like or ambiguous nature, while its energetics and position on the Amati relation favor a collapsar origin. We conducted deep optical and NIR photometric and spectroscopic late-time search for an associated supernova (SN)/kilonova (KN) and the host galaxy using 10.4 m GTC and 8.4 m binocular LBT telescopes. No bright SN (like SN 1998bw) is detected down to stringent limits (e.g., $m_r > 26.1$ mag at 17.59 days), despite a redshift of $z$ = 0.659 measured from GTC spectroscopy. Host galaxy SED modeling with Prospector indicates a massive, dusty, and star-forming galaxy-typical of collapsar GRB hosts, though with low sSFR and large offset. We compare these findings with hybrid events like GRB 211211A, GRB 230307A, GRB 200826A, including SNe-GRBs, and conclude that GRB 240825A likely originated from a massive star collapse, with the associated supernova obscured by a dusty host environment or low luminosity SN with absolute magnitude M$_{V}$ fainter than -18.0. This study emphasizes the need for multiwavelength follow-up and a multi-layered classification to determine GRB progenitors. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_00142 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Deciphering the Physical Origin of GRB 240825A: A Long GRB Lacking a Bright Supernova Gupta, Rahul Racusin, Judith L. Sanchez-Ramirez, R. Hu, Y. Rossi, Andrea Garcia, Maria Dolores Caballero Nuessle, Pi Castro-Tirado, Alberto J. Oates, Samantha Bordoloi, Pragyan P. Aryan, Amar Dichiara, Simone Veres, Peter Klingler, Noel Omodei, Nicola Maiorano, Elisabetta Tak, Donggeun Shilling, S. Adsuara, Jose E. Connell, P. H. Garcia, E. Fernandez Garcia-Segura, Guillermo Ghosh, Ankur Göğüs, Ersin Gordillo-Vazquez, Francisco J. Gritsevich, Maria Guelbenzu, Ana M. Nicuesa Guziy, S. Hanlon, Lorraine van Heerden, Hendrik Iyyani, Shabnam Martin-Carrillo, Antonio Meintjes, Petrus J. Navarro-Gonzalez, J. Neubert, T. Ostgaard, Nikolai Pandey, S. B. Pérez-García, Ignacio Razzaque, Soebur Sonbas, Eda Wu, Si-Yu Pozanenko, Alexei Volnova, Alina Moskvitin, Alexander Belkin, Sergey Spiridonova, O. I. Burkhonov, Otabek A. Ehgamberdiev, Shuhrat A. Klunko, E. Rumyantsev, V. Sokolov, I. Novichonok, A. Reva, Inna Volvach, A. Volvach, L. High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena We present a comprehensive multiwavelength analysis of GRB 240825A, a bright gamma-ray burst (GRB) detected by Fermi and Swift, with a prompt duration ($T_{\rm 90}$ ~ 4 sec in 50-300 keV) near the boundary separating short and long GRBs, prompting a detailed investigation into its classification and progenitor. Using classical prompt metrics (duration, minimum variability timescale (MVT), lag, and spectral hardness) and modern classification techniques (machine-learning (ML) based t-SNE, support vector machine, energy-hardness-duration, and $ε\equiv E_{γ,\mathrm{iso},52} / E_{p,z,2}^{5/3}$), we find GRB 240825A exhibits hybrid characteristics. The short MVT (13.830 $\pm$ 1.574 ms), rest-frame duration, and ML-based classification indicate a merger-like or ambiguous nature, while its energetics and position on the Amati relation favor a collapsar origin. We conducted deep optical and NIR photometric and spectroscopic late-time search for an associated supernova (SN)/kilonova (KN) and the host galaxy using 10.4 m GTC and 8.4 m binocular LBT telescopes. No bright SN (like SN 1998bw) is detected down to stringent limits (e.g., $m_r > 26.1$ mag at 17.59 days), despite a redshift of $z$ = 0.659 measured from GTC spectroscopy. Host galaxy SED modeling with Prospector indicates a massive, dusty, and star-forming galaxy-typical of collapsar GRB hosts, though with low sSFR and large offset. We compare these findings with hybrid events like GRB 211211A, GRB 230307A, GRB 200826A, including SNe-GRBs, and conclude that GRB 240825A likely originated from a massive star collapse, with the associated supernova obscured by a dusty host environment or low luminosity SN with absolute magnitude M$_{V}$ fainter than -18.0. This study emphasizes the need for multiwavelength follow-up and a multi-layered classification to determine GRB progenitors. |
| title | Deciphering the Physical Origin of GRB 240825A: A Long GRB Lacking a Bright Supernova |
| topic | High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.00142 |