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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2025
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.02375 |
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| _version_ | 1866909720679284736 |
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| author | Rodda, Matthew Mavroudis, Vasilios |
| author_facet | Rodda, Matthew Mavroudis, Vasilios |
| contents | Operational Technology (OT) is an integral component of critical national infrastructure, enabling automation and control in industries such as energy, manufacturing, and transportation. However, OT networks, systems, and devices have been designed and deployed prioritising functionality rather than security. This leads to inherent vulnerabilities in many deployed systems when operational misconfigurations expose them to the internet. This report provides an up-to-date overview of the OT threat landscape exposed to the public internet and studies the affected protocols, vendors, software, and the geographic distribution of systems. Our findings reveal nearly 70,000 exposed OT devices globally, with significant concentrations in North America and Europe. Analysis of prevalent protocols (e.g., ModbusTCP, EtherNet/IP, S7) shows that many devices expose detailed identifying information, including outdated firmware versions with known critical vulnerabilities that remain unpatched for years after disclosure. Furthermore, we demonstrate how automated analysis of screenshots can uncover exposed graphical interfaces of Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, highlighting diverse pathways for potential unauthorized access and underscoring the risks to industrial processes and critical infrastructure. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2508_02375 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Analysis of Publicly Accessible Operational Technology and Associated Risks Rodda, Matthew Mavroudis, Vasilios Cryptography and Security Operational Technology (OT) is an integral component of critical national infrastructure, enabling automation and control in industries such as energy, manufacturing, and transportation. However, OT networks, systems, and devices have been designed and deployed prioritising functionality rather than security. This leads to inherent vulnerabilities in many deployed systems when operational misconfigurations expose them to the internet. This report provides an up-to-date overview of the OT threat landscape exposed to the public internet and studies the affected protocols, vendors, software, and the geographic distribution of systems. Our findings reveal nearly 70,000 exposed OT devices globally, with significant concentrations in North America and Europe. Analysis of prevalent protocols (e.g., ModbusTCP, EtherNet/IP, S7) shows that many devices expose detailed identifying information, including outdated firmware versions with known critical vulnerabilities that remain unpatched for years after disclosure. Furthermore, we demonstrate how automated analysis of screenshots can uncover exposed graphical interfaces of Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, highlighting diverse pathways for potential unauthorized access and underscoring the risks to industrial processes and critical infrastructure. |
| title | Analysis of Publicly Accessible Operational Technology and Associated Risks |
| topic | Cryptography and Security |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.02375 |